Nokea
The patient asks the nurse why she needs to have surgery for a femoral, strangulated herni What is the best explanation the nurse can give the patient?
- A. The surgery will relieve her constipation.
- B. The abnormal hernia must be replaced into the abdomen.
- C. The surgery is needed to allow intestinal flow and prevent necrosis.
- D. The hernia is because the umbilical opening did not close after birth as it should have.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Surgery for a strangulated hernia is needed to prevent the intestines from becoming necrotic due to impaired blood flow.
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The gallbladder contracts in response to
- A. vagal stimulation only.
- B. cholecystokinin and vagal stimulation.
- C. cholecystokinin and secretin.
- D. a low pH of chyme.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The gallbladder contracts in response to cholecystokinin and vagal stimulation. Cholecystokinin is released in response to the presence of fatty acids and amino acids in the duodenum, signaling the gallbladder to contract and release bile. Vagal stimulation also plays a role in gallbladder contraction by transmitting signals from the brain to the gallbladder. Secretin is primarily involved in stimulating pancreatic secretion, not gallbladder contraction. A low pH of chyme does not directly stimulate gallbladder contraction.
Which statement about the oral phase of digestion is INCORRECT?
- A. About 2% of the energy content of food is expended during the action of chewing and swallowing it.
- B. Swallowing involves contraction and relaxation of at least 14 groups of muscles in about 10 seconds in healthy subjects
- C. The biofilm covering tooth enamel contains several salivary and bacterial enzymes
- D. Salivary amylase digests the dextran film on tooth enamel formed from dietary sucrose
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Salivary amylase primarily digests carbohydrates in the oral cavity, breaking down starch into simpler sugars like maltose. It does not directly target the dextran film on tooth enamel formed from dietary sucrose. This film is typically broken down by dental plaque bacteria, not salivary amylase. Therefore, option D is incorrect.
Summary of Incorrect Choices:
A: This statement is correct. Chewing and swallowing do require energy expenditure.
B: This statement is correct. Swallowing involves the coordinated action of multiple muscle groups.
C: This statement is correct. The biofilm on tooth enamel contains enzymes from both saliva and bacteria, contributing to oral digestion.
The projection from the posterior edge of the soft palate elevates and helps close off the nasopharynx when swallowing. The projection is called the
- A. buccal fat pad.
- B. epiglottis.
- C. uvula.
- D. palatine tonsil.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: uvula. The uvula is a teardrop-shaped projection from the posterior edge of the soft palate that elevates during swallowing to help close off the nasopharynx, preventing food or liquids from entering the nasal cavity. The uvula's contraction is essential for proper swallowing function.
A: Buccal fat pad - located in the cheek area, not involved in swallowing or closing off the nasopharynx.
B: Epiglottis - a flap of tissue that covers the trachea during swallowing to prevent food from entering the airway, not related to closing off the nasopharynx.
D: Palatine tonsil - located on the sides of the throat, important for immune function but not directly involved in swallowing or closing off the nasopharynx.
The processes of chewing are referred to as _____.
- A. churning
- B. mastication
- C. peristalsis
- D. deglutition
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: mastication. Mastication refers to the mechanical process of chewing food in the mouth using the teeth and jaws. This process breaks down food into smaller pieces, making it easier to swallow and digest. Churning (A) is the mixing of food with digestive enzymes in the stomach. Peristalsis (C) is the involuntary muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract. Deglutition (D) is the process of swallowing food. Mastication is the most appropriate term for the process of chewing specifically.
Pancreatitis is mainly the result of _____ activity.
- A. bile
- B. bacterial
- C. carboxypeptidase
- D. trypsin
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Pancreatitis is mainly the result of trypsin activity. Trypsin is an enzyme produced by the pancreas to aid in digestion. When trypsin becomes activated within the pancreas itself, it can lead to the digestion of pancreatic tissue and cause inflammation, leading to pancreatitis. Bile (A) and bacterial (B) activities are not primary causes of pancreatitis. Carboxypeptidase (C) is another pancreatic enzyme, but its activity does not play a significant role in causing pancreatitis compared to trypsin.