Nokea
Which of the following dietary interventions should a nurse consider after the removal of the nasogastric tube in a client who has undergone surgery for a liver disorder?
- A. Provide small sips of clear liquids
- B. Provide small sips of fruit juice or soup
- C. Provide small meal of soft foods
- D. Provide meal of protein-rich foods
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: After NG tube removal, clear liquids are introduced first to assess tolerance and prevent nausea or complications.
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Glucose and galactose in the small intestine are taken into the epithelial cell by ______ and passed into the interstitial fluid by
- A. diffusion; facilitated diffusion
- B. facilitated diffusion; cotransport
- C. cotransport; active transport
- D. cotransport; facilitated diffusion
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because glucose and galactose are taken into the epithelial cell by cotransport, where they are coupled with sodium ions. This process maintains a concentration gradient for glucose and galactose to move against. Once inside the cell, they are passed into the interstitial fluid by facilitated diffusion, where transport proteins assist their movement down their concentration gradient. Choices A and B are incorrect because they do not involve active transport, which is necessary to move molecules against their concentration gradient. Choice C is incorrect because active transport requires energy input, whereas facilitated diffusion does not.
Pancreatic exocrine secretion is stimulated by the following except:
- A. CCK
- B. Entropeptidase
- C. Vagal stimulation
- D. Presence of food in stomach
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Entropeptidase. Pancreatic exocrine secretion is primarily stimulated by hormones like CCK and the presence of food in the stomach. Vagal stimulation can also trigger pancreatic secretion. However, enteropeptidase is an enzyme that activates trypsinogen to trypsin in the small intestine, not a direct stimulator of pancreatic exocrine secretion. Therefore, choice B is the exception among the given options.
Priority Decision: Before administering a bolus of intermittent tube feeding to a patient with a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG), the nurse aspirates 220 mL of gastric contents. How should the nurse respond?
- A. Return the aspirate to the stomach and recheck the volume of aspirate in an hour.
- B. Return the aspirate to the stomach and continue with the tube feeding as planned.
- C. Discard the aspirate to prevent overdistending the stomach when the new feeding is given.
- D. Notify the health care provider that the feedings have been scheduled too frequently to allow for stomach emptying
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Returning the aspirate to the stomach and continuing the feeding is standard practice as long as the volume is within safe limits.
The gallbladder contracts in response to
- A. vagal stimulation only.
- B. cholecystokinin and vagal stimulation.
- C. cholecystokinin and secretin.
- D. a low pH of chyme.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The gallbladder contracts in response to cholecystokinin and vagal stimulation. Cholecystokinin is released in response to the presence of fatty acids and amino acids in the duodenum, signaling the gallbladder to contract and release bile. Vagal stimulation also plays a role in gallbladder contraction by transmitting signals from the brain to the gallbladder. Secretin is primarily involved in stimulating pancreatic secretion, not gallbladder contraction. A low pH of chyme does not directly stimulate gallbladder contraction.
Which of the following statements is TRUE? The protein FOXO1:
- A. activates (increases the expression of) genes related to greater longevity
- B. is activated by caloric restriction
- C. is deactivated by increased insulin signalling
- D. all of the above are true
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. FOXO1 activates genes related to greater longevity by regulating stress responses and promoting cell survival.
2. Caloric restriction activates FOXO1 to promote cellular stress resistance and increase lifespan.
3. Increased insulin signaling deactivates FOXO1, leading to decreased stress resistance and potentially shorter lifespan.
4. Therefore, all the statements (A, B, and C) are true regarding the protein FOXO1. It plays a crucial role in longevity through gene regulation, is activated by caloric restriction, and is deactivated by increased insulin signaling.