Nokea
Which of the following statements about fat and fat digestion/absorption is true?
- A. Fat soluble vitamins are incorporated into mixed micelles and absorbed directly across the microvillus cell membrane
- B. Triglycerides are resynthesized from fatty acids and monoglyceride in the intestinal epithelial cell and are exported directly into the portal circulation
- C. Pancreatic lipase functions best at a pH of 3
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because none of the statements are true. A is incorrect because fat-soluble vitamins are incorporated into chylomicrons before absorption. B is incorrect because triglycerides are resynthesized in the intestinal cell but packaged into chylomicrons, not directly exported. C is incorrect because pancreatic lipase functions best at a pH of around 7-8, not 3. So, the correct answer is D as all the other choices are incorrect.
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Which of these is a function of the large intestine?
- A. nutrient absorption
- B. bile production
- C. water absorption
- D. enzyme secretion
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: water absorption. The large intestine's main function is to absorb water and electrolytes from the indigestible food residue that enters it from the small intestine. This process helps in the formation of solid feces. Nutrient absorption primarily occurs in the small intestine (A). Bile production is done by the liver and stored in the gallbladder, not in the large intestine (B). Enzyme secretion primarily occurs in the small intestine and other digestive organs, not in the large intestine (D). Therefore, C is the correct answer as it aligns with the main function of the large intestine.
You take a deep breath; you raise your larynx and hyoid bone; your epiglottis closes off the larynx; the soft palate closes off the nasopharynx; the diaphragm and abdominal muscles contract and the lower esophageal sphincter relaxes. What has just happened?
- A. Low blood glucose levels caused these hunger pangs.
- B. Irritation in the GI tract caused the vomiting reflex.
- C. Bolus has entered the larynx and stimulated the gagging reflex.
- D. Bolus has entered the oropharynx, which initiated the swallowing reflex.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because the described sequence of events matches the process of swallowing. Raising the larynx and hyoid bone helps to protect the airway, closing the epiglottis prevents food from entering the trachea, closing the soft palate blocks the nasopharynx to prevent food from entering the nasal cavity, and the contraction of the diaphragm and abdominal muscles along with relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter facilitate the movement of food into the esophagus. This series of actions is characteristic of the swallowing reflex.
Choices A, B, and C are incorrect. Low blood glucose levels do not directly trigger the swallowing reflex. Irritation in the GI tract would not lead to the described sequence of events. Bolus entering the larynx or nasopharynx would not be part of the normal swallowing process and would typically trigger the gagging reflex instead.
During a morning assessment, the nurse observes that a patient displays bulging flanks when supine with the knees flexeWhich action should the nurse take next?
- A. Measure the patient's abdominal girth.
- B. Auscultate each quadrant of the abdomen for 5 minutes.
- C. Document the finding.
- D. Notify the charge nurse.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Measure the patient's abdominal girth. Bulging flanks could indicate ascites, which is an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity. Measuring the abdominal girth can help assess for the presence and severity of ascites. This step is important for further evaluation and monitoring of the patient's condition. Auscultating the abdomen for 5 minutes (choice B) would not address the potential underlying issue of ascites. Simply documenting the finding (choice C) without further assessment could delay necessary interventions. Notifying the charge nurse (choice D) is premature without completing a thorough assessment first.
The tunica muscularis in the superior esophagus is made up of ______ muscle.
- A. skeletal
- B. cardiac
- C. smooth
- D. smooth and skeletal
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: skeletal muscle. The superior esophagus contains skeletal muscle in its tunica muscularis, allowing for voluntary control over swallowing. Cardiac muscle is found in the heart, not in the esophagus. Smooth muscle is present in the lower esophagus for involuntary movements. Choice D is incorrect as the superior esophagus does not contain a mix of smooth and skeletal muscle.
Patients with a paralytic ileus typically have:
- A. Intravenous fluid replacement and a nasogastric tube connected to suction.
- B. Surgical correction of the problem.
- C. Endoscopic injection of botulinum toxin or esophageal dilation.
- D. Endoscopy to allow biopsy followed with broad-spectrum antibiotics.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Paralytic ileus is typically managed with intravenous fluids to correct electrolyte imbalances and a nasogastric tube to decompress the bowel.