Nokea
Which finding by the nurse during abdominal auscultation indicates a need for a focused abdominal assessment?
- A. Loud gurgles
- B. High-pitched gurgles
- C. Absent bowel sounds
- D. Frequent clicking sounds
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C, absent bowel sounds. Absence of bowel sounds may indicate a serious issue requiring further assessment. Normal bowel sounds include soft gurgles and clicks, so choices A, B, and D are variations of normal findings and do not necessarily indicate a need for further assessment. Absent bowel sounds could indicate bowel obstruction, peritonitis, or ischemia, warranting a focused abdominal assessment to determine the underlying cause.
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Which of the following nutrients is absorbed in the stomach?
- A. vitamins
- B. water
- C. proteins
- D. carbohydrates
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: water. Water is the only nutrient that is absorbed in the stomach. The stomach mainly digests food using stomach acid and enzymes, but absorption of nutrients primarily occurs in the small intestine. Vitamins are absorbed in the small intestine, proteins are broken down in the stomach and further digested in the small intestine, and carbohydrates are primarily broken down and absorbed in the small intestine. Water, on the other hand, can be absorbed in the stomach through osmosis due to its small molecular size and the presence of aquaporins in the stomach lining.
The processes of chewing are referred to as _____.
- A. churning
- B. mastication
- C. peristalsis
- D. deglutition
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: mastication. Mastication refers to the mechanical process of chewing food in the mouth using the teeth and jaws. This process breaks down food into smaller pieces, making it easier to swallow and digest. Churning (A) is the mixing of food with digestive enzymes in the stomach. Peristalsis (C) is the involuntary muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract. Deglutition (D) is the process of swallowing food. Mastication is the most appropriate term for the process of chewing specifically.
Combined with clinical manifestations, what is the laboratory finding that is most commonly used to diagnose acute pancreatitis?
- A. Increased serum calcium
- B. Increased serum amylase
- C. Increased urinary amylase
- D. Decreased serum glucose
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Increased serum amylase is a key laboratory finding used to diagnose acute pancreatitis.
The patient asks the nurse why she needs to have surgery for a femoral, strangulated herni What is the best explanation the nurse can give the patient?
- A. The surgery will relieve her constipation.
- B. The abnormal hernia must be replaced into the abdomen.
- C. The surgery is needed to allow intestinal flow and prevent necrosis.
- D. The hernia is because the umbilical opening did not close after birth as it should have.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Surgery for a strangulated hernia is needed to prevent the intestines from becoming necrotic due to impaired blood flow.
Which of these structures prevents food from entering the windpipe?
- A. Epiglottis
- B. Esophageal sphincter
- C. Pyloric sphincter
- D. Lower esophageal sphincter
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Epiglottis. The epiglottis is a flap of tissue that covers the opening to the trachea (windpipe) during swallowing, preventing food from entering the airway. This action ensures that food goes down the esophagus to the stomach. The other choices (B, C, D) are involved in controlling the flow of food in the digestive system at different points, but they do not specifically prevent food from entering the windpipe like the epiglottis does.