Nokea
A patient diagnosed with chronic hepatitis B asks about drug therapy to treat the disease. What is the most appropriate response by the nurse?
- A. Only chronic hepatitis C is treatable and primarily with antiviral agents and interferon.'
- B. There are no specific drug therapies that are effective for treating acute viral hepatitis.'
- C. Interferon combined with lamivudine (Epivir) will decrease viral load and prevent complications.'
- D. There are no drugs used for the treatment of viral hepatitis because of the risk of additional liver damage.'
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: For chronic hepatitis B, antiviral therapy such as interferon and lamivudine (Epivir) is used to reduce the viral load and prevent complications like cirrhosis.
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Which of the following statements about fat and fat digestion/absorption is true?
- A. Fat soluble vitamins are incorporated into mixed micelles and absorbed directly across the microvillus cell membrane
- B. Triglycerides are resynthesized from fatty acids and monoglyceride in the intestinal epithelial cell and are exported directly into the portal circulation
- C. Pancreatic lipase functions best at a pH of 3
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because none of the statements are true. A is incorrect because fat-soluble vitamins are incorporated into chylomicrons before absorption. B is incorrect because triglycerides are resynthesized in the intestinal cell but packaged into chylomicrons, not directly exported. C is incorrect because pancreatic lipase functions best at a pH of around 7-8, not 3. So, the correct answer is D as all the other choices are incorrect.
The tunica muscularis in the superior esophagus is made up of ______ muscle.
- A. skeletal
- B. cardiac
- C. smooth
- D. smooth and skeletal
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: skeletal muscle. The superior esophagus contains skeletal muscle in its tunica muscularis, allowing for voluntary control over swallowing. Cardiac muscle is found in the heart, not in the esophagus. Smooth muscle is present in the lower esophagus for involuntary movements. Choice D is incorrect as the superior esophagus does not contain a mix of smooth and skeletal muscle.
Following a Billroth II procedure
- A. a patient develops dumping syndrome. The nurse should explain that the symptoms associated with this problem are caused by
- B. distention of the smaller stomach by too much food and fluid intake.
- C. hyperglycemia caused by uncontrolled gastric emptying into the small intestine.
- D. irritation of the stomach lining by reflux of bile salts because the pylorus has been removed.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Dumping syndrome occurs when food moves too rapidly into the small intestine, causing fluid to shift into the bowel and leading to symptoms like nausea, diarrhea, and abdominal cramping.
A nurse is interviewing a client who has acute pancreatitis. Which of the following factors should the nurse anticipate finding in the client's history?
- A. Gallstones
- B. Hypolipidemia
- C. COPD
- D. Diabetes mellitus
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Gallstones. Acute pancreatitis is commonly caused by gallstones or alcohol consumption. Gallstones can block the pancreatic duct, leading to inflammation. Hypolipidemia, COPD, and diabetes mellitus are not directly associated with pancreatitis. This history finding helps the nurse identify the potential cause and plan appropriate care.
Bile salts combine with fatty acids to form complexes called _____ that facilitate absorption.
- A. chylomicrons
- B. micelles
- C. globules
- D. lipoproteins
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: micelles. Bile salts emulsify fats in the small intestine, forming micelles that enhance the absorption of fatty acids. Chylomicrons (A) are large lipoprotein particles that transport dietary lipids, not complexes with bile salts. Globules (C) are not specifically related to bile salts and fatty acids. Lipoproteins (D) are also involved in lipid transport but are not the complexes formed by bile salts and fatty acids. Thus, choice B is the correct answer as it directly relates to the process of fat absorption facilitated by bile salts.