Nokea
Glucose and galactose in the small intestine are taken into the epithelial cell by ______ and passed into the interstitial fluid by
- A. diffusion; facilitated diffusion
- B. facilitated diffusion; cotransport
- C. cotransport; active transport
- D. cotransport; facilitated diffusion
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because glucose and galactose are taken into the epithelial cell by cotransport, where they are coupled with sodium ions. This process maintains a concentration gradient for glucose and galactose to move against. Once inside the cell, they are passed into the interstitial fluid by facilitated diffusion, where transport proteins assist their movement down their concentration gradient. Choices A and B are incorrect because they do not involve active transport, which is necessary to move molecules against their concentration gradient. Choice C is incorrect because active transport requires energy input, whereas facilitated diffusion does not.
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The tunica muscularis in the superior esophagus is made up of ______ muscle.
- A. skeletal
- B. cardiac
- C. smooth
- D. smooth and skeletal
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: skeletal muscle. The superior esophagus contains skeletal muscle in its tunica muscularis, allowing for voluntary control over swallowing. Cardiac muscle is found in the heart, not in the esophagus. Smooth muscle is present in the lower esophagus for involuntary movements. Choice D is incorrect as the superior esophagus does not contain a mix of smooth and skeletal muscle.
Where is the majority of absorption of nutrients in the digestive tract?
- A. stomach
- B. small intestine
- C. large intestine
- D. mouth
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The majority of absorption of nutrients occurs in the small intestine. This is because the small intestine has a large surface area due to its villi and microvilli, which increase the absorption capacity. Additionally, the small intestine contains specialized cells that facilitate the absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream. In contrast, the stomach's main function is to break down food, the large intestine primarily absorbs water and electrolytes, and the mouth is responsible for initial digestion through chewing and saliva production. Therefore, choice B is correct as it aligns with the anatomical and physiological functions of the digestive system.
Relating to carbohydrate digestion:
- A. Cellulose can be digested by human amylases
- B. It occurs only if bile salts are present
- C. third of starch digestion occurs in the mouth and two-thirds occurs in the small gut
- D. It can only occur in the complete absence of protein digestion
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because bile salts are essential for the digestion and absorption of fats, not carbohydrates. Cellulose cannot be digested by human amylases, making choice A incorrect. Starch digestion starts in the mouth with salivary amylase, not one-third in the mouth and two-thirds in the small gut, so choice C is incorrect. Carbohydrate digestion can occur simultaneously with protein digestion, so choice D is also incorrect. Bile salts aid in emulsifying fats, facilitating their digestion and absorption in the small intestine.
After several days of antibiotic therapy for pneumonia, an older hospitalized patient develops watery
- A. Which action should the nurse take first?
- B. Notify the health care provider.
- C. Obtain a stool specimen for analysis.
- D. Teach the patient about hand washing.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because the nurse should prioritize assessing the patient's condition to ensure immediate safety and appropriate intervention. This includes evaluating for signs of dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, and potential complications like Clostridium difficile infection. Option B is not the first action as immediate assessment is crucial. Option C is important but not the priority at this moment. Option D is important but should not be the first action in this scenario.
Which statement about the oral phase of digestion is INCORRECT?
- A. About 2% of the energy content of food is expended during the action of chewing and swallowing it.
- B. Swallowing involves contraction and relaxation of at least 14 groups of muscles in about 10 seconds in healthy subjects
- C. The biofilm covering tooth enamel contains several salivary and bacterial enzymes
- D. Salivary amylase digests the dextran film on tooth enamel formed from dietary sucrose
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Salivary amylase primarily digests carbohydrates in the oral cavity, breaking down starch into simpler sugars like maltose. It does not directly target the dextran film on tooth enamel formed from dietary sucrose. This film is typically broken down by dental plaque bacteria, not salivary amylase. Therefore, option D is incorrect.
Summary of Incorrect Choices:
A: This statement is correct. Chewing and swallowing do require energy expenditure.
B: This statement is correct. Swallowing involves the coordinated action of multiple muscle groups.
C: This statement is correct. The biofilm on tooth enamel contains enzymes from both saliva and bacteria, contributing to oral digestion.