Nokea
What medication is used with thyrotoxicosis to block the effects of the sympathetic nervous stimulation of the thyroid hormones?
- A. Potassium iodide
- B. Propylthiouracil (PTU)
- C. Atenolol (Tenormin)
- D. Radioactive iodine (RAI)
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Atenolol is a beta-blocker that helps control the sympathetic nervous system effects of thyrotoxicosis, such as tachycardia and hypertension.
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In a patient with an elevated serum cortisol, what would the nurse expect other laboratory findings to reveal?
- A. Hypokalemia
- B. Hyponatremia
- C. Hypoglycemia
- D. Decreased serum triglycerides
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Elevated cortisol levels can lead to hypokalemia, as cortisol influences the balance of sodium and potassium in the body.
A patient presents with an anaphylactic reaction following a bee sting. Which of the following is the drug of choice for treating the multiple cardiovascular and pulmonary problems that, if not promptly corrected, could lead to the patient’s death?
- A. Atropine
- B. Diphenhydramine
- C. Epinephrine
- D. Isoproterenol
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Epinephrine. Epinephrine is the drug of choice for treating anaphylactic reactions due to its ability to rapidly reverse the cardiovascular and pulmonary symptoms. It acts by constricting blood vessels, increasing heart rate, and opening up the airways, which helps counteract the potentially life-threatening effects of anaphylaxis. Atropine (A) is used for bradycardia, Diphenhydramine (B) for mild allergic reactions, and Isoproterenol (D) for bradycardia or heart block. Epinephrine is the most appropriate choice in this scenario due to its immediate and broad-spectrum effects in managing anaphylactic reactions.
Thyroxine is a peptide hormone, but its mechanism is different from other peptide hormones. Which of the following statements is true concerning this difference?
- A. It causes positive feedback.
- B. It does not require a second messenger to effect a response.
- C. It is very specific in the cell type it targets.
- D. It is a stimulant of cellular metabolism and targets all cells.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Thyroxine does not require a second messenger to effect a response. Thyroxine is a non-peptide hormone derived from the amino acid tyrosine, not a peptide hormone. It acts directly on the cell by binding to nuclear receptors, which then bind to specific regions of DNA to regulate gene expression. This mechanism is different from peptide hormones, which typically require second messengers like cAMP or calcium to transmit their signal inside the cell. Therefore, choice B is correct. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because thyroxine does not cause positive feedback, is not highly specific in cell targeting, and does not target all cells for cellular metabolism stimulation.
Steroid hormones exert their action by ________.
- A. entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene
- B. finding an appropriate cell receptor and initiating cAMP activity
- C. stimulating the synthesis of a glycogen
- D. increasing blood pressure
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because steroid hormones are lipid-soluble molecules that can pass through the cell membrane and bind to intracellular receptors in the nucleus. This binding activates or inhibits gene transcription, leading to changes in protein synthesis and cellular responses. Choice B is incorrect because cAMP activity is typically associated with peptide hormones, not steroid hormones. Choice C is incorrect because steroid hormones do not stimulate glycogen synthesis. Choice D is incorrect because steroid hormones do not directly affect blood pressure regulation.
Hyperglycemia:
- A. is caused by excess insulin.
- B. causes glucosuria and polyuria.
- C. causes hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia.
- D. is characteristic of adrenal insufficiency.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Hyperglycemia leads to glucosuria and polyuria because when blood glucose levels are high, the kidneys cannot reabsorb all the glucose, leading to glucose spilling into the urine (glucosuria) and drawing more water into the urine, resulting in increased urine production (polyuria). This process helps to lower blood glucose levels. Other options are incorrect as hyperglycemia is not caused by excess insulin (A), does not cause hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia (C), and is not characteristic of adrenal insufficiency (D).