Nokea
What should the goals of nutrition therapy for the patient with type 2 diabetes include?
- A. Ideal body weight
- B. Normal serum glucose and lipid levels
- C. A special diabetic diet using dietetic foods
- D. Five small meals per day with a bedtime snack
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The primary goal is to maintain normal glucose and lipid levels and to achieve a healthy body weight.
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All of the following are hormones of the anterior pituitary except:
- A. Growth hormone
- B. Follicle stimulating hormone
- C. Parthormone
- D. Thyroid stimulating hormone
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Parthormone. The anterior pituitary gland secretes hormones such as Growth hormone, Follicle stimulating hormone, and Thyroid stimulating hormone, but not Parthormone. Parthormone is actually produced by the parathyroid glands, not the anterior pituitary gland. Parathormone plays a key role in regulating calcium levels in the blood. Therefore, choice C is incorrect as it does not belong to the hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland.
Steroid hormones exert their action by ________.
- A. entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene
- B. finding an appropriate cell receptor and initiating cAMP activity
- C. stimulating the synthesis of a glycogen
- D. increasing blood pressure
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because steroid hormones are lipid-soluble molecules that can pass through the cell membrane and bind to intracellular receptors in the nucleus. This binding activates or inhibits gene transcription, leading to changes in protein synthesis and cellular responses. Choice B is incorrect because cAMP activity is typically associated with peptide hormones, not steroid hormones. Choice C is incorrect because steroid hormones do not stimulate glycogen synthesis. Choice D is incorrect because steroid hormones do not directly affect blood pressure regulation.
Bronzing:
- A. always accompanies hyperglycemia.
- B. is the most prominent symptom of Cushing syndrome.
- C. is characteristic of chronic adrenal cortical insufficiency (Addison’s disease).
- D. is a consequence of ADH insufficiency.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale: Bronzing is a characteristic symptom of chronic adrenal cortical insufficiency (Addison's disease) due to increased production of melanin. In this condition, the adrenal glands do not produce enough steroid hormones, leading to skin hyperpigmentation. This differs from hyperglycemia (choice A), Cushing syndrome (choice B), and ADH insufficiency (choice D), which do not directly cause bronzing. Therefore, the correct choice is C.
Which of these is not an endocrine property?
- A. hormones reach targets through the blood
- B. effects are slow and cyclic
- C. rapid acting effects
- D. effects caused by chemicals.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: rapid acting effects. Endocrine properties involve hormones reaching targets through the blood, causing slow and cyclic effects. Rapid acting effects are more characteristic of the nervous system, not the endocrine system. Endocrine effects are caused by chemicals, so choice D is incorrect.
Which of the following systems work closely with the endocrine system to coordinate the body's functions?
- A. Cardiovascular system
- B. Respiratory system
- C. Reproductive system
- D. Nervous system
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Nervous system. The nervous system works closely with the endocrine system to regulate and coordinate the body's functions through the release of neurotransmitters and hormones. The nervous system controls rapid responses, while the endocrine system controls slower, long-term processes. The cardiovascular system (A) primarily transports blood and nutrients, the respiratory system (B) is involved in gas exchange, and the reproductive system (C) is responsible for reproduction, none of which directly coordinate with the endocrine system.