Nokea
How much gastric juice is secreted daily?
- A. 1.5 litres
- B. 3 litres
- C. 4 litres
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B (3 litres). The average adult human stomach secretes about 2-3 liters of gastric juice per day. This amount is necessary for the effective digestion of food, as gastric juice contains hydrochloric acid, enzymes, and mucus. Option A (1.5 litres) is too low for daily gastric juice secretion. Option C (4 litres) is too high and could lead to hypersecretion or other digestive issues. Option D is incomplete and does not provide a valid answer. Therefore, option B is the most accurate in reflecting the average daily secretion of gastric juice.
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Most endocrine secretions are controlled by _____.
- A. positive feedback.
- B. negative feedback.
- C. neural feedback.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step 1: Negative feedback is the primary mechanism in endocrine system regulation to maintain homeostasis.
Step 2: When hormone levels reach a certain set point, negative feedback signals the gland to stop producing that hormone.
Step 3: This ensures that hormone levels remain within a specific range.
Step 4: Positive feedback would lead to further hormone secretion, disrupting homeostasis.
Step 5: Neural feedback is not a common mechanism for regulating endocrine secretions.
Which of the following is a symptom of Addison’s disease?
- A. Hypertension
- B. Weight gain
- C. Hyperpigmentation
- D. Tachycardia
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Hyperpigmentation. Addison's disease is a condition characterized by adrenal insufficiency, leading to decreased production of cortisol and aldosterone. Hyperpigmentation is a common symptom due to elevated levels of ACTH stimulating melanin production. Other choices are incorrect because Addison's disease typically presents with hypotension, weight loss, and bradycardia, rather than hypertension, weight gain, or tachycardia.
Which gland is often referred to as the 'master gland'?
- A. Pituitary
- B. Thyroid
- C. Thymus
- D. Hypothalamus
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The pituitary gland is often referred to as the 'master gland' because it plays a crucial role in regulating other endocrine glands in the body. It secretes hormones that control various bodily functions, such as growth, reproduction, and metabolism. The other choices, thyroid, thymus, and hypothalamus, are important glands as well, but they do not have the same broad control over the endocrine system as the pituitary gland. The thyroid regulates metabolism, thymus is involved in immune function, and hypothalamus regulates body temperature, hunger, and thirst. However, none of these glands have the overall regulatory function and influence on other glands as the pituitary gland does.
Where Are Islets of Langerhans Found?
- A. Anterior pituitary
- B. Cortex
- C. Spleen
- D. Endocrine pancreas
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The Islets of Langerhans are clusters of cells in the pancreas that regulate blood sugar levels. Choice D, Endocrine pancreas, is correct because the Islets of Langerhans are specifically located in the pancreas. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because the Islets of Langerhans are not found in the anterior pituitary, cortex, or spleen. The pancreas is the primary organ associated with blood sugar regulation, making it the correct location for the Islets of Langerhans.
Mr. D, a 60-year-old male with hypothyroidism, is being discharged on levothyroxine therapy. Which of the following symptoms would indicate that he needs immediate follow-up care?
- A. Dry skin
- B. Cold intolerance
- C. Chest pain
- D. Constipation
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Chest pain could be a sign of angina or other cardiac issues, and it warrants immediate evaluation in a patient with hypothyroidism, especially if on thyroid hormone replacement therapy.