Nokea
What percent of clients with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) will experience hypotension during a tilt table test,which can eventually be diagnostic for these clients?
- A. 60%
- B. 96%
- C. 80%
- D. 20%
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Approximately 96% of clients with CFS experience hypotension during a tilt table test which helps in diagnosing the condition.
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What type of antibodies predominate in the secondary immune response?
- A. IgM
- B. IgE
- C. IgG
- D. IgD
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: IgG. In the secondary immune response, IgG antibodies predominate due to memory B cells rapidly producing them upon re-exposure to the same antigen. IgG provides long-lasting immunity and is more efficient in neutralizing pathogens. IgM (A) is the primary antibody in the initial immune response. IgE (B) is involved in allergic reactions. IgD (D) functions as a receptor on B cells.
What is not true about Salmonella thyphimurium?
- A. It is the causal agent of "hamburger disease"
- B. It is the second most common cause of food poisoning
- C. It is able to induce its own uptake by manipulating the actin cytoskeleton of host cells
- D. It is able to survive inside the phagosomes by manipulating the host actin cytoskeleton
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: It is the causal agent of "hamburger disease." Salmonella typhimurium is not the causal agent of "hamburger disease." Instead, Escherichia coli O157:H7 is the primary causal agent of this particular foodborne illness. Salmonella typhimurium is commonly associated with causing salmonellosis. Therefore, choice A is incorrect. Choices B, C, and D are all true statements about Salmonella typhimurium. It is the second most common cause of food poisoning, it is able to induce its own uptake by manipulating the actin cytoskeleton of host cells, and it is able to survive inside the phagosomes by manipulating the host actin cytoskeleton.
What is the medical term for an abnormal increase in white blood cells?
- A. Leukocytosis
- B. Thrombocytosis
- C. Anemia
- D. Hemolysis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Leukocytosis. Leukocytosis refers to an abnormal increase in white blood cells, indicating an immune response. Thrombocytosis (B) is an increase in platelets, not white blood cells. Anemia (C) is a decrease in red blood cells. Hemolysis (D) is the breakdown of red blood cells, not related to an increase in white blood cells. Therefore, A is the correct answer as it specifically relates to an abnormal increase in white blood cells.
What are the most common immunosuppressive agents used to prevent rejection of transplanted organs?
- A. Cyclosporine, sirolimus, and muromonab-CD3
- B. Prednisone, polyclonal antibodies, and cyclosporine
- C. Azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil, and sirolimus
- D. Tacrolimus, prednisone, and mycophenolate mofetil
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Tacrolimus, prednisone, and mycophenolate mofetil are commonly used to prevent organ rejection.
All of the following are true about antibodies, EXCEPT which one?
- A. They fix complement.
- B. They occur on the surface of B-lymphocyte
- C. They predominate the primary immune response to antigen.
- D. have a single, defined amino acid sequence due to variability.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because antibodies do not have a single, defined amino acid sequence due to variability in their structure. This variability is a result of somatic recombination and hypermutation.
A: Antibodies can fix complement, leading to the destruction of pathogens.
B: Antibodies are produced by B-lymphocytes and can occur on their surface as B-cell receptors.
C: Antibodies predominate the secondary immune response, not the primary response, as memory B-cells are generated during the primary response for a quicker and more robust secondary response.