Nokea
What procedure is used to remove fluid from the pleural space to help a patient breathe more easily?
- A. Thoracentesis
- B. Bronchoscopy
- C. Echocardiogram
- D. CT scan
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Thoracentesis. This procedure involves inserting a needle or catheter into the pleural space to drain excess fluid, relieving pressure and allowing the patient to breathe more easily. Bronchoscopy (B) is used to visualize the airways, not remove fluid. Echocardiogram (C) is an ultrasound of the heart, not used for pleural fluid drainage. CT scan (D) is an imaging test, not a procedure for fluid removal. Thoracentesis is the appropriate choice for this scenario.
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Which of the following is a chronic lung disease that includes conditions such as chronic bronchitis and emphysema, characterized by obstructed airflow from the lungs?
- A. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
- B. Pulmonary fibrosis
- C. Asthma
- D. Pneumonia
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). COPD is characterized by chronic bronchitis and emphysema, leading to obstructed airflow from the lungs. Chronic bronchitis involves inflammation of the bronchial tubes, while emphysema damages the air sacs in the lungs. Pulmonary fibrosis (B) is scarring of lung tissue, not obstructed airflow. Asthma (C) is a condition where airways narrow and swell, not necessarily leading to obstructed airflow. Pneumonia (D) is an infection in the lungs, not a chronic disease causing obstructed airflow.
In cases of myocardial infarction leading to shock, which medication is appropriate to counteract shock?
- A. Atropine
- B. Dopamine
- C. Digoxin
- D. Adenosine
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Dopamine. In myocardial infarction leading to shock, dopamine is appropriate due to its positive inotropic effects, increasing cardiac output and blood pressure. Atropine is not indicated for shock in this context. Digoxin may be contraindicated in acute myocardial infarction. Adenosine is not used in managing shock.
What type of stroke is caused by a blockage in an artery supplying blood to the brain?
- A. Ischemic stroke
- B. Hemorrhagic stroke
- C. Transient ischemic attack
- D. Embolism
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Ischemic stroke. This type of stroke is caused by a blockage in an artery supplying blood to the brain, leading to a lack of oxygen and nutrients to brain cells. This blockage can be due to a blood clot or plaque buildup. Ischemic strokes account for the majority of stroke cases.
Incorrect choices:
B: Hemorrhagic stroke - This type of stroke occurs when a blood vessel in the brain ruptures, leading to bleeding in the brain.
C: Transient ischemic attack - Also known as a mini-stroke, it is caused by a temporary blockage of blood flow to the brain, often resolving on its own without permanent damage.
D: Embolism - This refers to a condition where a blood clot or other foreign material travels through the bloodstream and blocks a blood vessel in the brain.
Defibrillation is used immediately in cases of ventricular fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia. The reason for this is to
- A. completely depolarize all myocardial cells simultaneously
- B. decrease ventricular irritability
- C. increase ventricular irritability
- D. increase amplitude of the QRS complexes
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Synchronized depolarization restores normal rhythm.
What is a condition characterized by an abnormal buildup of fluid between the layers of tissue lining the lungs and chest cavity?
- A. Pleural effusion
- B. Pulmonary edema
- C. Atelectasis
- D. Sarcoidosis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Pleural effusion is the correct answer because it specifically describes the abnormal buildup of fluid between the layers of tissue lining the lungs and chest cavity. This condition can cause symptoms like chest pain and difficulty breathing. Pulmonary edema, on the other hand, is the accumulation of fluid in the lung's air sacs, leading to breathing difficulties. Atelectasis refers to the collapse of a lung or a portion of it, not fluid buildup. Sarcoidosis is a disease that causes inflammation in various organs, not specifically fluid accumulation in the lungs. Therefore, pleural effusion best matches the described condition.