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What procedure is used to remove fluid from the pleural space to help a patient breathe more easily?
- A. Thoracentesis
- B. Bronchoscopy
- C. Echocardiogram
- D. CT scan
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Thoracentesis. This procedure involves inserting a needle or catheter into the pleural space to drain excess fluid, relieving pressure and allowing the patient to breathe more easily. Bronchoscopy (B) is used to visualize the airways, not remove fluid. Echocardiogram (C) is an ultrasound of the heart, not used for pleural fluid drainage. CT scan (D) is an imaging test, not a procedure for fluid removal. Thoracentesis is the appropriate choice for this scenario.
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What test uses high-frequency sound waves to create images of the heart, allowing doctors to assess its structure and function?
- A. Echocardiogram
- B. MRI
- C. CT scan
- D. X-ray
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Echocardiogram. An echocardiogram uses high-frequency sound waves to create detailed images of the heart's structure and function in real-time. It is a non-invasive and safe diagnostic tool commonly used to assess heart health. MRI (B) uses magnetic fields and radio waves, CT scan (C) uses X-rays, and X-ray (D) uses electromagnetic radiation, but they do not provide the same level of detail and real-time assessment of the heart as an echocardiogram does.
Which of the following is a chronic lung disease that includes conditions such as chronic bronchitis and emphysema, characterized by obstructed airflow from the lungs?
- A. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
- B. Pulmonary fibrosis
- C. Asthma
- D. Pneumonia
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). COPD is characterized by chronic bronchitis and emphysema, leading to obstructed airflow from the lungs. Chronic bronchitis involves inflammation of the bronchial tubes, while emphysema damages the air sacs in the lungs. Pulmonary fibrosis (B) is scarring of lung tissue, not obstructed airflow. Asthma (C) is a condition where airways narrow and swell, not necessarily leading to obstructed airflow. Pneumonia (D) is an infection in the lungs, not a chronic disease causing obstructed airflow.
The laboratory tests for four patients show the following results. Which patient should the nurse teach first about preventing CAD because the patient is at the greatest risk for CAD even without other risk factors?
- A. Total cholesterol: 152 mg/dL, triglycerides: 148 mg/dL, LDL: 148 mg/dL, HDL: 52 mg/dL
- B. Total cholesterol: 160 mg/dL, triglycerides: 102 mg/dL, LDL: 138 mg/dL, HDL: 56 mg/dL
- C. Total cholesterol: 200 mg/dL, triglycerides: 150 mg/dL, LDL: 160 mg/dL, HDL: 48 mg/dL
- D. Total cholesterol: 250 mg/dL, triglycerides: 164 mg/dL, LDL: 172 mg/dL, HDL: 32 mg/dL
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Low HDL and high LDL increase CAD risk.
The nurse is caring for a client on digoxin with a heart rate of 48 bpm. What is the nurse's priority action?
- A. Hold the digoxin and notify the healthcare provider.
- B. Administer the digoxin as ordered.
- C. Administer atropine to increase the heart rate.
- D. Increase the dose of digoxin.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Hold the digoxin and notify the healthcare provider. A heart rate of 48 bpm is below the normal range, indicating bradycardia, a potential side effect of digoxin toxicity. Holding the medication and informing the healthcare provider is crucial to prevent further harm. Administering the digoxin (B) can worsen the bradycardia. Atropine (C) is not the first-line treatment for digoxin-induced bradycardia. Increasing the dose of digoxin (D) can exacerbate toxicity. Overall, prompt action to address the underlying cause is essential in this situation.
What is a condition where the walls of the arteries in the lungs become thickened and stiff, leading to increased blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries?
- A. Pulmonary hypertension
- B. Pulmonary fibrosis
- C. Pulmonary embolism
- D. Pulmonary edema
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Pulmonary hypertension. Pulmonary hypertension refers to the condition where the walls of the arteries in the lungs become thickened and stiff, leading to increased blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries. This results in the heart having to work harder to pump blood through the lungs, causing potential damage to the heart and lungs over time.
B: Pulmonary fibrosis is a condition characterized by scarring of lung tissue, not thickening and stiffening of artery walls.
C: Pulmonary embolism is a blockage in one of the pulmonary arteries in your lungs, usually caused by a blood clot. It does not involve thickening and stiffening of artery walls.
D: Pulmonary edema is a condition where fluid builds up in the lungs, causing difficulty in breathing. It is not related to thickened and stiffened artery walls.