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Which type of heart valve disease occurs when the mitral valve does not close properly, allowing blood to flow backward into the left atrium?
- A. Mitral regurgitation
- B. Aortic stenosis
- C. Tricuspid regurgitation
- D. Pulmonary hypertension
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Mitral regurgitation. When the mitral valve does not close properly, it causes blood to flow backward into the left atrium during the heart's contraction phase. This condition is known as mitral regurgitation. Aortic stenosis (B) is narrowing of the aortic valve, not related to the mitral valve. Tricuspid regurgitation (C) involves the tricuspid valve, not the mitral valve. Pulmonary hypertension (D) is high blood pressure in the lungs, not directly related to a malfunctioning mitral valve.
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Which valves close during ventricular systole and open during ventricular diastole?
- A. Semilunar valves
- B. Atrioventricular Valves
- C. Mitral valve
- D. Tricuspid valve
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: During ventricular systole, the atrioventricular valves (AV valves) close to prevent blood from flowing back into the atria. This allows the ventricles to contract and pump blood out of the heart. During ventricular diastole, the AV valves open to allow blood to flow from the atria into the ventricles. The other choices are incorrect because semilunar valves (choice A) close to prevent blood from flowing back into the ventricles during ventricular diastole, and the mitral valve (choice C) and tricuspid valve (choice D) are specific types of AV valves.
What condition involves the heart's electrical system malfunctioning, causing very fast heartbeats originating from the ventricles?
- A. Ventricular tachycardia
- B. Atrial fibrillation
- C. Supraventricular tachycardia
- D. Bradycardia
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Ventricular tachycardia. Ventricular tachycardia is characterized by rapid heartbeats originating from the ventricles, resulting in an abnormal heart rhythm. This condition can be life-threatening if not promptly treated. Atrial fibrillation involves rapid, irregular heartbeats originating from the atria, not the ventricles (B). Supraventricular tachycardia also originates above the ventricles and is not specific to ventricular malfunction (C). Bradycardia, on the other hand, is a condition characterized by an abnormally slow heart rate, which is the opposite of the fast heartbeats seen in ventricular tachycardia (D).
What is the ability of cardiac cells to generate an electrical impulse without being stimulated by an external source?
- A. Automaticity
- B. Contractility
- C. Conductivity
- D. Refractoriness
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Automaticity is the ability of cardiac cells to generate an electrical impulse spontaneously without external stimulation. It is a fundamental property of specialized cardiac cells like pacemaker cells. Contractility refers to the ability of muscle cells to contract in response to an electrical stimulus. Conductivity is the ability of cardiac cells to transmit electrical impulses. Refractoriness is the period during which cardiac cells are unable to respond to a new stimulus. Therefore, in this context, the correct answer is A: Automaticity.
Defibrillation is used immediately in cases of ventricular fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia. The reason for this is to
- A. completely depolarize all myocardial cells simultaneously
- B. decrease ventricular irritability
- C. increase ventricular irritability
- D. increase amplitude of the QRS complexes
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Synchronized depolarization restores normal rhythm.
If Mr. Simpson begins to have pain that is worse with inspiration and relieved by sitting up, your assessment of his situation is that he has developed
- A. Myocarditis
- B. An extended infarction
- C. Cardiac cripple syndrome
- D. Pericarditis
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Pericarditis presents with positional pain and ECG changes.