Nokea
Which of the following conditions is identified by a P wave notch in the ECG of a client?
- A. Aortic stenosis
- B. Mitral regurgitation
- C. Aortic regurgitation
- D. Mitral stenosis
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: A P wave notch on an ECG suggests mitral stenosis, indicating delayed conduction through the atria.
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What type of stroke is caused by a blockage in an artery supplying blood to the brain?
- A. Ischemic stroke
- B. Hemorrhagic stroke
- C. Transient ischemic attack
- D. Embolism
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Ischemic stroke. This type of stroke is caused by a blockage in an artery supplying blood to the brain, leading to a lack of oxygen and nutrients to brain cells. This blockage can be due to a blood clot or plaque buildup. Ischemic strokes account for the majority of stroke cases.
Incorrect choices:
B: Hemorrhagic stroke - This type of stroke occurs when a blood vessel in the brain ruptures, leading to bleeding in the brain.
C: Transient ischemic attack - Also known as a mini-stroke, it is caused by a temporary blockage of blood flow to the brain, often resolving on its own without permanent damage.
D: Embolism - This refers to a condition where a blood clot or other foreign material travels through the bloodstream and blocks a blood vessel in the brain.
Defibrillation is used immediately in cases of ventricular fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia. The reason for this is to
- A. completely depolarize all myocardial cells simultaneously
- B. decrease ventricular irritability
- C. increase ventricular irritability
- D. increase amplitude of the QRS complexes
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Synchronized depolarization restores normal rhythm.
What is the term for a condition where the lung collapses due to air leaking into the space between the lung and the chest wall?
- A. Pneumothorax
- B. Pleural effusion
- C. Atelectasis
- D. Pulmonary fibrosis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Pneumothorax. Pneumothorax is the term used to describe a condition where the lung collapses due to air leaking into the pleural space. This causes pressure on the lung, leading to its collapse. Pleural effusion (B) is the accumulation of fluid in the pleural space, not air. Atelectasis (C) is the collapse of a portion or the entire lung due to various reasons but not air leakage. Pulmonary fibrosis (D) is a condition where lung tissue becomes scarred and thickened, not related to air leakage causing lung collapse.
The client on furosemide (Lasix) is at risk for which electrolyte imbalance?
- A. Hyperkalemia
- B. Hypokalemia
- C. Hyponatremia
- D. Hypernatremia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B, Hypokalemia. Furosemide is a loop diuretic that increases potassium excretion in the urine, leading to low potassium levels in the body. Hypokalemia can result in muscle weakness, cardiac arrhythmias, and other serious complications. Hyperkalemia (choice A) is the opposite condition of high potassium levels and is not typically associated with furosemide use. Hyponatremia (choice C) is a low sodium level, which may be a potential side effect of furosemide but is not the primary electrolyte imbalance to be concerned about. Hypernatremia (choice D) is high sodium levels and is not directly related to furosemide use.
The client on spironolactone should avoid which of the following?
- A. Foods high in potassium
- B. Foods high in sodium
- C. Foods high in calcium
- D. Foods high in chloride
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Foods high in potassium. Spironolactone is a potassium-sparing diuretic that can increase potassium levels in the body. Consuming foods high in potassium while taking spironolactone can lead to hyperkalemia, a serious condition characterized by high levels of potassium in the blood. The other choices (B: Foods high in sodium, C: Foods high in calcium, D: Foods high in chloride) are not directly contraindicated with spironolactone use. Sodium intake is typically restricted in patients taking diuretics, but it is not specifically related to spironolactone. Calcium and chloride levels are not significantly affected by spironolactone, so foods high in these minerals do not need to be avoided.