Nokea
What statement is characteristic of type 1 diabetes mellitus?
- A. Onset is usually gradual.
- B. Ketoacidosis is infrequent.
- C. Peak age incidence is 10 to 15 years.
- D. Oral agents are available for treatment.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Type 1 diabetes has a peak incidence between 10 and 15 years, with abrupt onset. Ketoacidosis is common due to insulin deficiency, and oral agents are used for type 2, not type 1, which requires insulin therapy.
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Intranasal administration of desmopressin acetate (DDAVP) is used to treat which condition?
- A. Hypopituitarism
- B. Diabetes insipidus (DI)
- C. Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)
- D. Acute adrenocortical insufficiency
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: DDAVP, administered intranasally, replaces vasopressin in DI, with effects lasting 6-24 hours. It?s not used for hypopituitarism, SIADH, or adrenocortical insufficiency, which require different treatments.
Exophthalmos (protruding eyeballs) may occur in children with which condition?
- A. Hypothyroidism
- B. Hyperthyroidism
- C. Hypoparathyroidism
- D. Hyperparathyroidism
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Exophthalmos is a classic sign of hyperthyroidism, often due to Graves? disease, from tissue swelling behind the eyes. It is not associated with hypothyroidism, hypoparathyroidism, or hyperparathyroidism.
What form of diabetes is characterized by destruction of pancreatic beta cells, resulting in insulin deficiency?
- A. Type 1 diabetes
- B. Type 2 diabetes
- C. Gestational diabetes
- D. Maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY)
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Type 1 diabetes results from autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells, causing absolute insulin deficiency. Type 2 involves insulin resistance, gestational diabetes is temporary, and MODY is a genetic defect in beta cell function without destruction.
A child eats some sugar cubes after experiencing symptoms of hypoglycemia. This rapid-releasing sugar should be followed by which dietary intervention?
- A. Sports drink and fruit
- B. Glucose tabs and protein
- C. Glass of water and crackers
- D. Milk and peanut butter on bread
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: After rapid-releasing sugar for hypoglycemia, milk (with lactose and protein) and peanut butter on bread (complex carbohydrate and protein) provide sustained glucose stabilization. Sports drinks and fruit lack protein, glucose tabs are rapid-acting, and crackers with water lack sufficient protein.
Glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and sex steroids are secreted by which gland?
- A. Thyroid gland
- B. Adrenal cortex
- C. Anterior pituitary
- D. Parathyroid glands
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The adrenal cortex produces glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and sex steroids. The thyroid produces thyroid hormone, the anterior pituitary secretes hormones like GH and ACTH, and the parathyroids produce parathyroid hormone.