Nokea
What structure lies posterior to the vagina?
- A. Pouch of Douglas
- B. Rectum
- C. Perineal body
- D. Structures of the vulva
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Rectum. The rectum is located posterior to the vagina in the pelvic cavity. The Pouch of Douglas (choice A) is a peritoneal pouch located between the rectum and the uterus. The perineal body (choice C) is a fibrous structure located between the vagina and the anus. Structures of the vulva (choice D) are external genital structures surrounding the vaginal opening, not posterior to the vagina.
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During which phase of the menstrual cycle does the Graafian follicle rupture?
- A. Regenerative
- B. Menstruation
- C. Ovulation
- D. Proliferative
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Ovulation. The Graafian follicle ruptures during the ovulation phase, releasing the mature egg from the ovary. This process marks the midpoint of the menstrual cycle. Choice A, Regenerative, is incorrect as it does not correspond to a specific phase of the menstrual cycle. Choice B, Menstruation, is incorrect because menstruation is the shedding of the uterine lining and occurs after ovulation if fertilization does not occur. Choice D, Proliferative, is incorrect as it refers to the phase in which the uterine lining thickens in preparation for a potential embryo implantation, which happens after ovulation.
Complete abortion is characterized by:
- A. Os closed.
- B. Firm contracted uterus.
- C. Heavy bleeding.
- D. Heavy cramping.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Complete abortion is characterized by a firm contracted uterus with a closed os. This closure of the os indicates that the products of conception have been completely expelled from the uterus. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because a firm contracted uterus with a closed os is the hallmark sign of a complete abortion, not heavy bleeding, heavy cramping, or any other features.
Abortion is defined as:
- A. Bleeding per vaginum in early pregnancy
- B. Willingness to terminate pregnancy
- C. Expulsion of products of conception after the 28th week of gestation
- D. Expulsion of products of conception before the 28th week of gestation
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Abortion is defined as the expulsion of products of conception before the 28th week of gestation. Choice A is incorrect as it describes bleeding in early pregnancy, not the definition of abortion. Choice B is incorrect as it refers to the willingness to terminate a pregnancy rather than the actual act of expulsion. Choice C is incorrect as it defines abortion as the expulsion of products of conception after the 28th week of gestation, which is considered a stillbirth.
Which of the following is used to differentiate abdominal mass from pelvic mass on clinical examination?
- A. Size
- B. Site
- C. Margins
- D. Lower border
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The lower border is used to differentiate between an abdominal mass and a pelvic mass during clinical examination. The lower border of the mass provides important information about its location and origin. The size (Choice A) alone may not always clearly distinguish between abdominal and pelvic masses. The site (Choice B) and margins (Choice C) are also important factors, but they are not as specific in differentiating between abdominal and pelvic masses as the lower border.
At 8-12 weeks of pregnancy, the breast changes include:
- A. Prickling, tingling sensation.
- B. Nipples become prominent and mobile.
- C. Darkening of the nipple.
- D. Breast start producing milk
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: At 8-12 weeks of pregnancy, the breast changes typically include the onset of colostrum production, not just tenderness. Colostrum is the first milk produced by the mammary glands during pregnancy. While some women may experience prickling or tingling sensations, prominent and mobile nipples, and darkening of the nipple, the key change during this time period is the production of colostrum. This substance is rich in antibodies and important for the newborn's initial nutrition. Therefore, the correct answer is not listed among the choices provided.