Nokea
What term refers to an inflammation of brain tissues?
- A. encephalitis
- B. meningitis
- C. sinusitis
- D. meningoencephalitis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: encephalitis. Encephalitis specifically refers to inflammation of the brain tissues. "Meningitis" (B) is inflammation of the meninges, the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. "Sinusitis" (C) is inflammation of the sinuses, not the brain. "Meningoencephalitis" (D) refers to inflammation of both the brain and meninges, but encephalitis is more specific to brain tissue. Therefore, encephalitis is the most accurate term for inflammation of brain tissues.
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Which gland is often abnormal in patients with myasthenia gravis?
- A. thymus gland
- B. thyroid gland
- C. adrenal gland
- D. pituitary gland
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The thymus gland, which plays a role in immune system development, is often abnormal in patients with myasthenia gravis. Thymic hyperplasia or thymoma is commonly associated with the condition, and thymectomy (surgical removal of the thymus) can improve symptoms in some cases.
Executive functioning involves the integrated use of several cognitive processes by which people problem-solve, plan, initiate, organise and monitor goal-directed activities. Deficits in this collection of integrated skills involves which kind of training:
- A. Goal management training (GMT).
- B. Executive function training (EFT).
- C. Integrated skills training (IST).
- D. Organisational skills training (OST).
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Goal Management Training (GMT) is a therapeutic approach designed to improve executive functioning by teaching individuals how to set, prioritize, and achieve goals. This training involves breaking down complex tasks into manageable steps, monitoring progress, and adjusting strategies as needed. GMT is particularly effective for individuals with neurological disorders or brain injuries that impair executive functions, helping them regain independence and improve daily functioning.
Nurse Gray is tasked with caring for Mr. Thompson, a client with Parkinson's disease, and is focused on enhancing his nutritional intake and ensuring safe swallowing. Considering the unique needs of Mr. Thompson, what interventions should Nurse Gray prioritize to facilitate effective swallowing and proper nutrition?
- A. Ensuring the client sits in an upright position while eating.
- B. Providing liquids during meals.
- C. Personally feeding the client.
- D. Encouraging the intake of solid foods.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Sitting in an upright position while eating helps prevent aspiration and facilitates safe swallowing in PD patients.
While the nurse performs formal patient assessment, assistive personnel often observe changes when obtaining vital signs or assisting patients with ADL's. When discussing care for a patient with back pain, the nurse should particularly alert the assistant to watch for:
- A. Dizziness
- B. Bowel/bladder incontinence
- C. Difficulty swallowing
- D. Arm weakness
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Bowel and bladder incontinence in a patient with back pain may indicate cauda equina syndrome, a medical emergency caused by compression of the nerve roots in the lower spine. Dizziness, difficulty swallowing, and arm weakness are not typically associated with cauda equina syndrome.
What does an abnormal finding in the assessment of cranial nerve VII (Facial nerve) indicate?
- A. Facial asymmetry or difficulty with facial expressions.
- B. Clear and symmetric facial movements.
- C. Normal taste sensation.
- D. Equal and reactive pupils.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Facial asymmetry or difficulty with facial expressions indicates dysfunction of cranial nerve VII (Facial nerve). Clear facial movements, normal taste sensation, and equal pupils are normal findings.