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When comparing a CVA and TIA, the nurse knows this is unique about TIAs:
- A. TIAs have permanent long-term focal deficits
- B. TIAs are intermittent with spontaneous resolution of the neurologic deficit
- C. TIAs are intermittent with permanent motor and sensory deficits
- D. TIAs have permanent long-term neurologic deficits
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) are characterized by temporary neurological deficits that resolve spontaneously within 24 hours. Unlike strokes, TIAs do not cause permanent damage but are warning signs of an increased risk for future strokes. Immediate evaluation and intervention are necessary to prevent a full-blown stroke.
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The client newly diagnosed with multiple sclerosis (MS) states, 'I don't understand how I got multiple sclerosis. Is it genetic?' On which statement should the nurse base the response?
- A. Genetics may play a role in susceptibility to MS, but the disease may be caused by a virus.
- B. There is no evidence suggesting there is any chromosomal involvement in developing MS.
- C. Multiple sclerosis is caused by a recessive gene, so both parents had to have the gene for the client to get MS.
- D. Multiple sclerosis is caused by an autosomal dominant gene on the Y chromosome, so only fathers can pass it on.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: MS has a genetic component that increases susceptibility, but environmental factors, such as viral infections, also play a significant role in its development.
When assessing a patient's level of consciousness, which response would indicate a decreased level of consciousness?
- A. The patient is drowsy but can be easily aroused.
- B. The patient is alert and oriented.
- C. The patient responds quickly to verbal stimuli.
- D. The patient is fully awake and responsive.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: A drowsy patient who can be easily aroused indicates a decreased level of consciousness. Alertness, quick responses, and full wakefulness are normal findings.
Which structure allows communication between the hemispheres?
- A. reticular formation
- B. temporal lobe
- C. contralateral bridge
- D. corpus callosum
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The corpus callosum is a thick bundle of nerve fibers that connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain, allowing for communication and coordination between them. It enables the integration of information from both sides of the brain, facilitating complex cognitive processes and motor coordination. Damage to the corpus callosum can result in disconnection syndromes, where the hemispheres cannot communicate effectively.
Area(s) in the visual cortex involved in colour vision include:
- A. V1
- B. V2
- C. V3
- D. V8
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Area V8, also known as the colour centre, is specifically involved in colour vision. V1, V2, and V3 are involved in early visual processing but not exclusively in colour vision.
What role, if any, do Hox genes play in specification of neuronal fate?
- A. Different Hox genes are activated along the dorso-ventral axis by the gradient of Shh.
- B. Different combinations of Hox genes specify the identities of neurons along the antero-posterior axis
- C. Hox genes determine the identity of the segments along the axis of the vertebrate spinal cord
- D. Hox genes determine the different subtypes of neurons that form along the dorso-ventral axis.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Hox genes are crucial for specifying neuronal identity along the antero-posterior axis. Different combinations of Hox genes are expressed in distinct regions of the developing nervous system, providing positional information that guides the differentiation of neurons into specific subtypes. This ensures the proper organization and function of the spinal cord and brain.