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What type of covalent bonds are present between the monomers of an enzyme macromolecule?
- A. Phosphodiester bonds
- B. Glycosidic bonds
- C. Ester bonds
- D. Peptide bonds
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Enzymes are a type of biological macromolecules known as proteins. Proteins are composed of amino acid monomers that are linked together by peptide bonds. These peptide bonds form through a condensation reaction between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another amino acid. The specific covalent bonds present between the monomers of an enzyme macromolecule are peptide bonds. Therefore, the correct answer is D: Peptide bonds.
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Which of the following characteristics of water helps explain why coastal areas experience less dramatic temperature changes during the day than more inland areas?
- A. Water's adhesive properties prevent evaporation.
- B. Water is a versatile solvent.
- C. Water has a high specific heat capacity.
- D. Water forms covalent bonds with other water molecules.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C. Water has a high specific heat capacity, meaning it can absorb and store a large amount of heat energy before its temperature rises significantly. This characteristic allows water to moderate temperature changes by absorbing heat during the day and releasing it slowly at night, resulting in less dramatic temperature fluctuations along coastal areas compared to inland areas. Water's adhesive properties (choice A) do not directly contribute to moderating temperature changes. While being a versatile solvent (choice B) is a notable property of water, it is not the primary reason for the specific temperature moderation observed in coastal areas. Water forming covalent bonds with other water molecules (choice D) is more related to its molecular structure rather than its role in temperature moderation.
Which of the following is an example of a biological macromolecule?
- A. Monosaccharide
- B. Protein
- C. Nucleic acid
- D. Amino acid
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B, 'Protein.' Proteins are biological macromolecules composed of amino acid chains. They play vital roles in cellular functions, including catalyzing reactions, providing structural support, and acting as signaling molecules. Monosaccharides are simple sugars, nucleic acids are genetic materials such as DNA and RNA, and amino acids are the fundamental units that make up proteins.
Which of the following allows the skull to rotate on the neck?
- A. Vertebral foramen
- B. Spinous process
- C. Atlas
- D. Sacrum
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The atlas is the first cervical vertebra that supports the skull and allows it to rotate on the neck. The vertebral foramen is an opening in the vertebra for the spinal cord, and the spinous process is a bony projection, not involved in rotation.
Which of the following demonstrates a chemical reaction involving water?
- A. Water and oil separate when combined
- B. Water boils to produce steam at 100 degrees Celsius
- C. Water dissolves sugar
- D. Water produces gas when reacting with sodium metal
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because when water reacts with sodium metal, it produces hydrogen gas, indicating a chemical reaction. Options A, B, and C involve physical changes or processes like separation, phase change, and dissolution, respectively, which do not involve a chemical reaction. In option A, oil and water separating is a physical change due to differences in polarity. Option B describes a physical change where water undergoes a phase change from liquid to gas. Option C involves a physical change as sugar dissolves in water through a physical process without a chemical reaction occurring.
Which of the following vitamins is water-soluble and involved in collagen synthesis and wound healing?
- A. Vitamin A
- B. Vitamin D
- C. Vitamin C
- D. Vitamin E
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Vitamin C is a water-soluble vitamin that plays a crucial role in collagen synthesis, which is essential for wound healing. Collagen is a protein that helps in the formation of connective tissues, skin, tendons, and blood vessels. Vitamin C also acts as an antioxidant and helps in the absorption of iron. Vitamins A, D, and E have different functions and are not primarily involved in collagen synthesis or wound healing.