Nokea
Which of the following events occurs in metaphase I of meiosis and contributes to genetic variation?
- A. Independent assortment
- B. Reduction division
- C. Crossing over
- D. Homologous pairing
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Independent assortment is the correct answer as it occurs during metaphase I of meiosis. This process leads to genetic variation by randomly aligning homologous chromosomes along the metaphase plate, creating diverse combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes in the resulting daughter cells. Consequently, this random assortment increases genetic diversity among the gametes that are formed. During independent assortment, homologous chromosomes randomly align at the metaphase plate, leading to different combinations of chromosomes in the daughter cells. This shuffling of genetic material from maternal and paternal sources results in offspring with unique genetic makeups, contributing to genetic diversity within a population.
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Which process involves the maturation and release of a representative egg from an ovarian follicle?
- A. Oogenesis
- B. Fertilization
- C. Ovulation
- D. Menstruation
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Ovulation is the process where a mature ovarian follicle releases an egg. This egg is the female gamete awaiting fertilization in the fallopian tube. Oogenesis refers to the complete process of egg cell development, fertilization is the merging of egg and sperm, and menstruation is the shedding of the uterine lining in the absence of pregnancy.
Which of the following organs removes nitrogenous waste from the body?
- A. Gallbladder
- B. Liver
- C. Kidneys
- D. Large intestines
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C, Kidneys. The kidneys are essential organs responsible for filtering waste products, including nitrogenous wastes like urea and creatinine, from the blood to form urine. The other organs listed have different primary functions. The gallbladder stores bile produced by the liver, which aids in digestion. The liver has various metabolic functions but is not primarily involved in removing nitrogenous waste. The large intestines mainly absorb water and electrolytes from feces, not nitrogenous waste. Therefore, the kidneys are the specific organs designed to remove nitrogenous waste from the body.
Which of the following pathways best represents the flow of blood from the human heart to organs?
- A. Blood pumped from the heart first enters arteries that then narrow to form arterioles that deliver blood to capillaries of the organs
- B. Blood pumped from the heart first enters veins that then narrow to form venules that deliver blood to arteries of the organ
- C. Blood pumped from the heart first enters arteries that then narrow to form arterioles that deliver blood to capillaries of the organs
- D. Blood pumped from the heart first enters arteries that then narrow to form veins that deliver blood to the organs
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct pathway for the flow of blood from the human heart to organs involves a series of blood vessels. Blood is pumped from the heart into large arteries, which then branch into smaller arterioles. These arterioles deliver blood to capillaries located in the organs. Capillaries are essential for the exchange of nutrients, gases, and waste products between the blood and the tissues. This intricate network ensures efficient delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the organs and removal of waste products. Therefore, the correct sequence is for blood to flow from the heart, through arteries, then arterioles, and finally to capillaries in the organs for optimal exchange and organ function.
Which of the following glands synthesizes antidiuretic hormone?
- A. Pancreas
- B. Thymus
- C. Hypothalamus
- D. Pineal gland
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Hypothalamus. The hypothalamus synthesizes antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin. ADH is then transported and stored in the posterior pituitary gland until it is released into the bloodstream when needed. The pancreas is involved in insulin and glucagon production, the thymus plays a role in immune function, and the pineal gland is responsible for producing melatonin. Therefore, the hypothalamus is the gland specifically responsible for synthesizing ADH among the options provided.
Which of the following organs filters excess solutes from the blood?
- A. Stomach
- B. Kidney
- C. Gallbladder
- D. Spleen
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Kidney. The kidneys are vital organs responsible for filtering excess solutes, wastes, and toxins from the blood to produce urine. The stomach's primary function is digestion, the gallbladder stores bile, and the spleen aids in blood filtration and fighting infections. However, it is the kidneys that specifically filter solutes from the blood, making them crucial for maintaining proper fluid and electrolyte balance in the body.