Nokea
Which of the following are the major parts of the nervous system?
- A. PNS and Somatic Nervous System
- B. Autonomic Nervous System and CNS
- C. PNS and CNS
- D. Autonomic Nervous System and Somatic Nervous System
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The nervous system comprises two major parts: the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and the central nervous system (CNS). The PNS includes nerves outside the brain and spinal cord, while the CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord. Choice C (PNS and CNS) correctly identifies the primary divisions of the nervous system, encompassing both the peripheral and central components. Therefore, the correct answer is C.
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What is the function of sodium bicarbonate released by the pancreas?
- A. Sodium bicarbonate neutralizes the acidity of chyme.
- B. Sodium bicarbonate stimulates the protease that digests carbonates.
- C. Sodium bicarbonate inhibits peristalsis.
- D. Sodium bicarbonate stimulates the protease.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because sodium bicarbonate released by the pancreas functions by neutralizing the acidity of chyme in the small intestine. This action helps to create a more alkaline environment, which is crucial for the activity of pancreatic enzymes and the absorption of nutrients. Option B is incorrect as sodium bicarbonate itself does not stimulate a protease to digest carbonates. Option C is incorrect as sodium bicarbonate does not inhibit peristalsis; instead, it aids in digestion. Option D is incorrect as sodium bicarbonate does not directly stimulate the protease but rather helps in maintaining the optimal pH for enzyme activity.
Where do both digestion and absorption occur in the digestive system?
- A. Stomach
- B. Esophagus
- C. Gallbladder
- D. Small intestine
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Both digestion and absorption take place in the small intestine. The small intestine is a crucial organ where the breakdown of food into smaller molecules, digestion, occurs with the help of enzymes. This process is essential for the absorption of nutrients, where the smaller molecules are taken up by the bloodstream for distribution throughout the body. While the stomach aids in digestion through the action of gastric juices, the esophagus serves as a tube for food passage, and the gallbladder stores bile produced by the liver to aid in fat digestion. However, neither digestion nor absorption occurs in the stomach, esophagus, or gallbladder, making the small intestine the correct answer for both processes.
Which of the following correctly orders structures from simple to complex?
- A. Cells, tissues, atoms, organs
- B. Atoms, cells, tissues, organs
- C. Atoms, organs, tissues, cells
- D. Organs, tissues, cells, atoms
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct order of structures from simple to complex is atoms, cells, tissues, and organs. Atoms are the fundamental units of matter. Cells are the basic units of life composed of atoms. Tissues are formed by groups of cells working together. Organs consist of different tissues functioning together for specific purposes. Therefore, the correct sequence goes from the simplest structure, atoms, to the most complex structure, organs.
Which of the following respiratory structures is affected by a disease that disrupts gas exchange, such as emphysema?
- A. Trachea
- B. Alveoli
- C. Secondary bronchi
- D. Primary bronchi
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Emphysema is a condition that primarily affects the alveoli in the lungs. Alveoli are tiny air sacs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs. In emphysema, the walls of these air sacs break down, reducing the surface area available for gas exchange. This leads to impaired respiratory function, making it harder for oxygen to enter the bloodstream and for carbon dioxide to be removed. Therefore, the correct answer is the alveoli (Choice B).
Which of the following structures is present in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
- A. Cell membrane
- B. Chromoplast
- C. Golgi apparatus
- D. Endoplasmic reticulum
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is the cell membrane (choice A). The cell membrane is a vital structure present in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It plays a crucial role as a selectively permeable barrier, controlling the movement of substances into and out of the cell. On the other hand, chromoplasts, Golgi apparatus, and endoplasmic reticulum are specific organelles found only in eukaryotic cells. Chromoplasts are responsible for pigment synthesis, Golgi apparatus is involved in protein processing and packaging, and endoplasmic reticulum is crucial for lipid synthesis and protein folding. Therefore, the cell membrane is the correct choice as it is the common feature shared by both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.