Nokea
What type of diseases does the immune system primarily defend against?
- A. Autoimmune diseases
- B. Infectious diseases
- C. Neurological disorders
- D. Cardiovascular diseases
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Infectious diseases. The immune system's main function is to protect the body from foreign invaders such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites. It recognizes and eliminates these pathogens to prevent infections. Autoimmune diseases (A) occur when the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy cells. Neurological disorders (C) and cardiovascular diseases (D) are not primarily defended against by the immune system as they are not caused by external pathogens.
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What is a primary reason that the normal immune response fails to contain the HIV infection?
- A. CD4+ T cells become infected with HIV and are destroyed.
- B. The virus inactivates B cells, preventing the production of HIV antibodies.
- C. Natural killer cells are destroyed by the virus before the immune system can be activated.
- D. Monocytes ingest infected cells, differentiate into macrophages, and shed viruses in body tissues.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: HIV specifically targets CD4+ T cells, depleting the immune system's ability to mount an effective response against pathogens.
The nurse is reviewing the immune system with a patient newly diagnosed with an autoimmune disorder. What should the nurse explain as the purpose of antibodies?
- A. They destroy foreign antigens.
- B. Work on many different antigens
- C. Are specific according to blood type
- D. Attach to antigens to label them for destruction
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D. Antibodies attach to antigens to label them for destruction. This is crucial in the immune response to identify and mark harmful substances for elimination. Choice A is incorrect because antibodies do not destroy antigens directly. Choice B is incorrect as antibodies are specific to particular antigens. Choice C is incorrect as blood type specificity is determined by different antigens, not antibodies.
The rearrangement of gene segments that occurs randomly in B cell receptor genes and T cell receptor genes:
- A. Occurs during clonal expansion of B cells and T cells
- B. Involves rapid genetic mutation after lymphocytes become activated
- C. Allows the mature lymphocyte population to recognize an enormous diversity of antigens
- D. Occurs in the DNA of all cells in the body
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Step 1: Gene rearrangement in B cell and T cell receptor genes creates unique receptor proteins.
Step 2: This diversity allows mature lymphocytes to recognize a wide range of antigens.
Step 3: This process is crucial for adaptive immune response and antigen specificity.
Step 4: Choices A and B do not accurately describe gene rearrangement.
Step 5: Choice D is incorrect as gene rearrangement is specific to lymphocytes, not all cells in the body.
During the course of an immune response to a given antigen, affinity maturation results in survival of:
- A. B cells whose secretion of antibody occurs at a higher rate
- B. B cells whose antibodies bind the antigen more strongly
- C. T cells whose TCRs bind the antigen more strongly
- D. Both B and C are correct
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Rationale:
1. Affinity maturation is the process where B cells produce antibodies with increased affinity for the antigen over time.
2. B cells whose antibodies bind the antigen more strongly have higher affinity.
3. Survival of B cells with higher affinity antibodies is crucial for effective immune response.
4. A is incorrect as rate of antibody secretion doesn't necessarily correlate with affinity.
5. C is incorrect as T cells are not directly involved in affinity maturation of antibodies.
6. D is incorrect since T cells are not affected by affinity maturation in the context of this question.
A nurse has educated a client on an epinephrine autoinjector. What statement by the client indicates additional instruction is needed?
- A. I don't need to go to the hospital after using it.
- B. I must carry two autoinjectors with me at all times.
- C. I will write the expiration date on my calendar.
- D. This can be injected right through my clothes.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A. If the client states they don't need to go to the hospital after using the epinephrine autoinjector, additional instruction is needed. The rationale is that after using an epinephrine autoinjector, it is crucial to seek medical attention immediately due to the potential for severe allergic reactions. Choice B is incorrect because carrying two autoinjectors is recommended in case the first dose is not effective. Choice C is incorrect as it demonstrates good practice in tracking the expiration date. Choice D is incorrect as it is acceptable to inject through clothes in an emergency situation.