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As a plunger is depressed, air inside the wide rubber cup is pushed out. This depression action forms a strong, airtight seal around the top of a clogged pipe and the plunger cup is held fast by the air pressure of the user. Continued plunging â€pressing down on the plungerâ€causes an increase in pressure inside the clogged pipe and will usually force out whatever may be causing the clog.
What word best describes the organization of this passage?
- A. Modeling
- B. Hypothesizing
- C. Explaining
- D. Observing
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is 'Explaining.' The passage is structured in an explanatory manner, providing a detailed account of how a plunger works. It explains the process step by step, from the initial depression of the plunger to the increase in pressure inside the clogged pipe. 'Modeling' and 'Observing' are not suitable choices as the passage does not involve creating models or direct observations. 'Hypothesizing' is also incorrect as the passage focuses on describing the functioning of a plunger rather than proposing or discussing potential hypotheses.
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A recycling company collects sorted materials from its clients. The materials are weighed and then processed for re-use. The chart shows the weights of various classes of materials that were collected by the company during a representative month. Which of the following statements is NOT supported by the data in the chart?
- A. Paper products, including cardboard, make up a majority of the collected materials.
- B. One quarter of the materials collected are made of glass.
- C. More plastic is collected than cardboard.
- D. Plastic and cardboard together represent a larger portion of the collected materials than glass bottles.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The chart data does not support the statement that more plastic is collected than cardboard. Looking at the chart data, we can see that paper products, including cardboard, make up the majority of the collected materials. Glass accounts for one quarter of the materials collected. When we compare plastic and cardboard, we can see that cardboard weighs more than plastic. Therefore, the statement that more plastic is collected than cardboard is not supported by the data. Additionally, combining plastic and cardboard weights still does not exceed the weight of glass bottles according to the chart.
Lisa Grant: 'Schools should make students wear uniforms. Everyone would look the same. Students would be able to respect each other based on their ideas and character because they would no longer be judged by their appearance.'
Vivian Harris: 'Students should not have to wear uniforms. Clothing is an important part of self-expression. Taking away that method of expression is suppressing that student's rights.'
Which of the following statements could NOT provide support for BOTH arguments?
- A. A number of local school districts have recently implemented dress codes.
- B. School administrators have been in talks with parents over the issue of uniforms.
- C. Students have reported that school uniforms are costly and typically ill-fitting.
- D. Several groups of students have been organized to discuss uniform dress codes.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because the statement about the cost and fit of uniforms could only support the argument against uniforms, not both arguments. It aligns more with Vivian Harris's stance against uniforms, emphasizing the importance of clothing as a form of self-expression. Choices A, B, and D are more neutral statements that could provide support for both arguments by indicating actions being taken or discussions being held regarding uniforms without leaning towards a specific stance.
Archie says, 'Northerners eat bland food.' The most precise definition of this statement is
- A. A stereotype
- B. An inference
- C. A bias
- D. A generalization
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: a stereotype. Archie's statement about Northerners eating bland food reflects a stereotype, which is an oversimplified and generalized belief about a particular group of people. This statement is not an inference because it is not based on evidence or reasoning. It is also not a bias, which is a preference or inclination that inhibits impartial judgment. While the statement could be seen as a generalization, it more specifically fits the definition of a stereotype due to its oversimplified and exaggerated nature.
In 1603, Queen Elizabeth I of England died. She had never married and had no heir, so
the throne passed to a distant relative: James Stuart, the son of Elizabeth's cousin and onetime rival for the throne, Mary, Queen of Scots. James was crowned King James I of England.
At the time, he was also King James VI of Scotland, and the combination of roles would
create a spirit of conflict that haunted the two nations for generations to come.
The conflict developed as a result of rising tensions among the people within the
nations, as well as between them. Scholars in the 21st century are far too hasty in dismissing
the role of religion in political disputes, but religion undoubtedly played a role in the
problems that faced England and Scotland. By the time of James Stuart's succession to the
English throne, the English people had firmly embraced the teachings of Protestant
theology. Similarly, the Scottish Lowlands was decisively Protestant. In the Scottish
Highlands, however, the clans retained their Catholic faith. James acknowledged the Church
of England and still sanctioned the largely Protestant translation of the Bible that still bears
his name.
James's son King Charles I proved himself to be less committed to the Protestant Church
of England. Charles married the Catholic Princess Henrietta Maria of France, and there were
suspicions among the English and the Lowland Scots that Charles was quietly a Catholic.
Charles's own political troubles extended beyond religion in this case, and he was beheaded
in 1649. Eventually, his son King Charles II would be crowned, and this Charles is believed
to have converted secretly to the Catholic Church. Charles II died without a legitimate heir,
and his brother James ascended to the throne as King James II.James was recognized to be a practicing Catholic, and his commitment to Catholicism
would prove to be his downfall. James's wife Mary Beatrice lost a number of children during
their infancy, and when she became pregnant again in 1687 the public became concerned. If
James had a son, that son would undoubtedly be raised a Catholic, and the English people
would not stand for this. Mary gave birth to a son, but the story quickly circulated that the
royal child had died and the child named James's heir was a foundling smuggled in. James,
his wife, and his infant son were forced to flee; and James's Protestant daughter Mary was
crowned the queen.
In spite of a strong resemblance to the king, the young James II was generally rejected
among the English and the Lowland Scots, who referred to him as “the Pretender.†But in
the Highlands the Catholic princeling was welcomed. He inspired a group known as
Jacobites, to reflect the Latin version of his name. His own son Charles, known affectionately
as Bonnie Prince Charlie, would eventually raise an army and attempt to recapture what he
believed to be his throne. The movement was soundly defeated at the Battle of Culloden in
1746, and England and Scotland have remained ostensibly Protestant ever since
What was the author's intent in the passage?
- A. To persuade
- B. To entertain
- C. To express feeling
- D. To inform
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The author's primary intent in the passage is to inform the reader about historical events related to the succession of monarchs in England and Scotland. The passage presents factual information about the reigns of King James I, King Charles I, King Charles II, King James II, and the attempted recapture of the throne by Bonnie Prince Charlie. It details how religious differences and political conflicts shaped the history of England and Scotland. The other choices are incorrect because the author's focus is on providing historical facts rather than persuading, entertaining, or expressing personal feelings.
As little as three years before her birth, few would have thought that the child born
Princess Alexandrina Victoria would eventually become Britain's longest reigning monarch,
Queen Victoria. She was born in 1819, the only child of Edward, Duke of Kent, who was the
fourth son of King George III. Ahead of Edward were three brothers, two of whom became
king but none of whom produced a legitimate, surviving heir. King George's eldest son, who
was eventually crowned King George IV, secretly married a Catholic commoner, Maria
Fitzherbert, in 1783. The marriage was never officially recognized, and in 1795, George was
persuaded to marry a distant cousin, Caroline of Brunswick. The marriage was bitter, and
the two had only one daughter, Princess Charlotte Augusta. She was popular in England
where her eventual reign was welcomed, but in a tragic event that shocked the nation, the
princess and her stillborn son died in childbirth in 1817.
Realizing the precarious position of the British throne, the remaining sons of King
George III were motivated to marry and produce an heir. The first in line was Prince
Frederick, the Duke of York. Frederick married Princess Frederica Charlotte of Prussia, but
the two had no children. After Prince Frederick was Prince William, the Duke of Clarence.
William married Princess Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen, and they had two sickly daughters,
neither of whom survived infancy. Finally, Prince Edward, the Duke of Kent, threw his hat
into the ring with his marriage to Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. The Duke of
Kent died less than a year after his daughter's birth, but the surviving Duchess of Kent was
not unaware of the future possibilities for her daughter. She took every precaution to
ensure that the young Princess Victoria was healthy and safe throughout her childhood.
Princess Victoria's uncle, William, succeeded his brother George IV to become King
William IV. The new king recognized his niece as his future heir, but he did not necessarily
trust her mother. As a result, he was determined to survive until Victoria's eighteenth
birthday to ensure that she could rule in her own right without the regency of the Duchess
of Kent. The king's fervent prayers were answered: he died June 20, 1837, less than one
month after Victoria turned eighteen. Though young and inexperienced, the young queen
recognized the importance of her position and determined to rule fairly and wisely. The
improbable princess who became queen ruled for more than sixty-three years, and her
reign is considered to be one of the most important in British history.
Which of the following shows the correct chronological order of events from the passage?
- A. Princess Charlotte Augusta died, Princess Alexandrina Victoria was born, King George IV married Maria Fitzherbert, King George IV married Caroline of Brunswick
- B. Princess Alexandrina Victoria was born, King George IV married Maria Fitzherbert, King George IV married Caroline of Brunswick, Princess Charlotte Augusta died
- C. King George IV married Maria Fitzherbert, King George IV married Caroline of Brunswick, Princess Charlotte Augusta died, Princess Alexandrina Victoria was born
- D. King George IV married Caroline of Brunswick, Princess Charlotte Augusta died, King George IV married Maria Fitzherbert, Princess Alexandrina Victoria was born
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The passage provides a timeline of events related to King George IV, Princess Charlotte Augusta, and Princess Alexandrina Victoria. King George IV secretly married Maria Fitzherbert in 1783 and later married Caroline of Brunswick in 1795. Princess Charlotte Augusta, the daughter of King George IV and Caroline, died in 1817. Princess Alexandrina Victoria, who later became Queen Victoria, was born in 1819. Therefore, the correct chronological order of events is: King George IV married Maria Fitzherbert, King George IV married Caroline of Brunswick, Princess Charlotte Augusta died, and Princess Alexandrina Victoria was born (Choice C). Choices A, B, and D do not follow the correct chronological order as depicted in the passage.