Nokea
When a person vaccinated with a Covid-19 vaccine produces antibodies to the disease, the immunity is termed:
- A. Active artificial
- B. Active natural
- C. Passive natural
- D. Passive artificial
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Active artificial immunity. This is because the person's immune system is actively stimulated by the vaccine to produce antibodies against Covid-19. It is considered artificial because it is acquired through vaccination rather than natural exposure to the disease.
B: Active natural immunity is incorrect because it refers to immunity acquired through natural exposure to the disease.
C: Passive natural immunity is incorrect because it refers to temporary immunity passed from mother to baby through breast milk or placenta.
D: Passive artificial immunity is incorrect because it refers to receiving pre-formed antibodies, such as through an injection of antibodies rather than the body producing them itself.
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While patient Sarah is confined in the hospital, the safety measure to be observed by the nurses is prevention from fall. This is brought about by the patient being prone to fracture as a result of________.
- A. aging process
- B. osteoporosis
- C. change in vision
- D. hematologic condition
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by weakened bones, making individuals more susceptible to fractures, especially with minor trauma or falls. In the context of a patient prone to fractures, nurses should be particularly cautious about fall prevention.
A: The aging process alone does not necessarily lead to an increased risk of fractures. While aging is a risk factor for osteoporosis, it is not the direct cause of fractures in this case.
C: Changes in vision can contribute to an increased risk of falls, but it is not the primary reason for the patient being prone to fractures in this scenario.
D: Hematologic conditions may affect bone health, but they are not typically the primary cause of increased fracture risk in patients.
When the lecture presentation was finished, the CI proceeded with the _______.
- A. evaluation of the activity
- B. Q and A portion on anything the students are interested tackle
- C. open forum to solicit questions related to the topic under discussion .
- D. cracking of humorous anecdotes to keep the class alive
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because an open forum to solicit questions related to the topic under discussion is a common practice after a lecture presentation. This allows for clarification and deeper understanding. Choice A is incorrect as evaluation usually comes after the lecture. Choice B is incorrect because the Q&A portion typically focuses on the lecture content only. Choice D is incorrect as cracking humorous anecdotes is not a standard practice after a lecture.
Nurse Victor reviews the medical history of patient Mila. Which of the following conditions is the MOST common cause of cardiogenic shock?
- A. Decreased hemoglobin level
- B. Acute myocardial infarction (MI)
- C. Hypotension
- D. Coronary artery disease
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Acute myocardial infarction (MI) is the most common cause of cardiogenic shock. During an MI, there is significant damage to the heart muscle, leading to a decrease in cardiac output and subsequent shock. This results in inadequate tissue perfusion and oxygen delivery. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because decreased hemoglobin level (A) may lead to anemia but is not the most common cause of cardiogenic shock. Hypotension (C) is a symptom of shock, not the cause. Coronary artery disease (D) is a risk factor for MI but not the direct cause of cardiogenic shock.
While performing the admission assessment of a new client, the nurse observed that the client brought a bottle of over-the-counter pain medication to the hospital. The nurse failed to document this or remove the medication from the room. Subsequently, the client experienced a serious adverse drug reaction as a result of the interaction between this drug and one of the drugs that the client was prescribed in the hospital. This nurse may be guilty of what?
- A. Malpractice
- B. Failure of duty to warn
- C. Assault
- D. Incompetence
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Malpractice. The nurse's failure to document and remove the over-the-counter medication, which led to a serious adverse drug reaction, constitutes malpractice. Malpractice refers to negligence or failure to provide the standard of care expected in a professional setting. In this case, the nurse's actions directly resulted in harm to the client, which is a clear example of malpractice.
Incorrect Choices:
B: Failure of duty to warn - This choice implies that the nurse had a duty to warn the client about the potential drug interaction, which may not necessarily be the case. The primary issue here is the nurse's failure to document and remove the medication, not a failure to warn.
C: Assault - Assault involves intentional harm or threat of harm, which is not applicable in this scenario where the harm was due to negligence.
D: Incompetence - While the nurse's actions may demonstrate incompetence, the more specific legal term for this situation would be malpractice, as it directly
A patient presents with excessive thirst, large volumes of dilute urine, and low urine osmolality. Laboratory tests reveal hypernatremia and elevated serum osmolality. Which endocrine disorder is most likely responsible for these symptoms?
- A. Hyperthyroidism
- B. Hypothyroidism
- C. Diabetes mellitus
- D. Diabetes insipidus
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Diabetes insipidus. This condition is characterized by excessive thirst, large volumes of dilute urine, low urine osmolality, hypernatremia, and elevated serum osmolality. The underlying cause is a deficiency in or insensitivity to antidiuretic hormone (ADH), leading to the inability of the kidneys to concentrate urine properly. Hyperthyroidism (choice A) and hypothyroidism (choice B) do not directly affect urine concentration. While diabetes mellitus (choice C) can also present with polyuria and polydipsia, it would typically have high urine osmolality due to the presence of glucose. Therefore, diabetes insipidus is the most likely endocrine disorder responsible for these specific symptoms.