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When assessing a patient prior to starting a drug regimen it is often necessary to have a baseline kidney function study done. What might kidney impairment indicate in relation to drug therapy?
- A. Pharmacodynamics stable at the therapeutic dose
- B. Contraindication to the use of a drug
- C. Increased dosage of a drug
- D. Decreased adverse effects of a drug
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Kidney impairment may contraindicate certain drugs due to reduced clearance, risking toxicity.
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Infants and young children are at higher risk of ADRs due to:
- A. Immature renal function in school-age children
- B. Lack of safety and efficacy studies in the pediatric population
- C. Children's skin being thicker than adults, it is less likely to absorb dosages of topical medication
- D. Infant boys having a higher proportion of muscle mass, leading to a higher volume of distribution
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Lack of pediatric studies increases ADR risk due to unestablished safety/efficacy, unlike renal maturity , skin thickness (C, false), or muscle mass (D, false).
A nurse in the post-anesthesia care unit is caring for a client who is experiencing malignant hyperthermia. Which of the following actions should the nurse take?(Select one that does not apply.)
- A. Place a cooling blanket on the client.
- B. Administer oxygen at 100%.
- C. Administer iced 0.9% sodium chloride.
- D. Administer blood, 0.1% sodium chloride.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Cooling , oxygen , iced saline , and temperature monitoring manage malignant hyperthermia.
A nurse is caring for an older adult client who has a new prescription for Digoxin and takes multiple other medications. The nurse should recognize that concurrent use of which of the following medications places the client at risk for Digoxin toxicity?
- A. Phenytoin
- B. Verapamil
- C. Warfarin
- D. Aluminum hydroxide
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Verapamil increases digoxin levels by reducing clearance, risking toxicity.
Which of the following is a stimulative mechanism of insulin secretion:
- A. Hyperglicemia and decrease of intracellular ATP
- B. Increase of intracellular ATP and opening of ATP-depended K+ channels
- C. Increase of intracellular ATP and closure of ATP-depended K+ channels
- D. Closure of potential depended Ca+2 channels
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Insulin secretion is stimulated by increased ATP closing K+ channels, depolarizing beta cells and opening Ca2+ channels.
Cost-effectiveness analysis compares two or more treatments or programs that are:
- A. Not necessarily therapeutically equivalent
- B. Considered equal in efficacy
- C. Compared with the dollar value of the benefit received
- D. Expressed in terms of patient preference or quality-adjusted life years
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Cost-effectiveness analysis evaluates treatments that may differ in efficacy.