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When children come to understand that people have thoughts, feelings, and beliefs that are different from their own. This is known as ----
- A. Egocentric theory
- B. Behavioral theory
- C. Cognitive theory
- D. Theory-of-mind
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Theory of mind, emerging around age 4, is the ability to understand others' mental states (Piaget, Vygotsky).
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Which of the following best describes a social gambler?
- A. Someone who gambles for the heightened thrill and needs higher bets to achieve the same feeling.
- B. Gambles for fun during new year gatherings.
- C. Believes gambling is a way to make money, similar to financial investment.
- D. Steals money to feed the gambling habit.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Social gambling is casual, recreational, and often tied to social events like New Year gatherings, without significant negative consequences.
According to the 'Self Determination Theory' of Ryan and Deci (2000), life satisfaction derives from the fulfillment of three fundamental psychological needs. These are autonomy, relatedness, and:
- A. Success
- B. Love
- C. Excellence
- D. Competence
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Self-Determination Theory (Ryan & Deci, 2000) includes autonomy, relatedness, and competence.
Diverse cultural beliefs can result in dramatically varied perceptions of wellness, disease, and the treatment of disease. In order to best address these variations when planning nursing care, the nurse and client initially:
- A. Agree to respect each other's beliefs and values.
- B. Discuss what the client believes is the cause of his or her illness.
- C. Agree that treatment planning will include family members when possible.
- D. Discuss the incorporation of both traditional nursing practice and culturally based practices.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Discuss what the client believes is the cause of his or her illness. This is the best initial step to address cultural variations in perceptions of wellness and disease because it allows the nurse to understand the client's perspective and tailor care accordingly. By exploring the client's beliefs, the nurse can identify any cultural factors that may impact treatment decisions.
A: Agree to respect each other's beliefs and values - While important, this is a broader concept and may not directly address the specific cultural beliefs influencing the client's health views.
C: Agree that treatment planning will include family members when possible - Involving family members is valuable but may not directly address the immediate need to understand the client's beliefs about illness.
D: Discuss the incorporation of both traditional nursing practice and culturally based practices - This is important but may be premature without first understanding the client's specific beliefs about illness.
How should physicians respond to working professionals, in comparison to unemployed or low-income patients?
- A. Physicians should be more flexible with scheduling low-income patients
- B. Patients from professional occupations should be afforded greater respect
- C. Physicians should promote patients' health regardless of their socioeconomic status
- D. Physicians should fulfill the requests of other working professionals without hesitation
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Equal treatment promotes health equity, ensuring care is based on need, not socioeconomic status.
Individuals develop their self-efficacy beliefs by interpreting information from four main sources of influence:
- A. Albert Bandura 1967
- B. Albert Bandura 1697
- C. Albert Bandura 1977
- D. Albert Einstein 1977
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Bandura outlined 4 self-efficacy sources (mastery, vicarious, persuasion, emotion) in 1977.