Nokea
When does threatened abortion occur?
- A. The patient experiences slight vaginal bleeding through an undilated cervix.
- B. The patient experiences heavy bleeding and cervical dilation.
- C. The patient experiences severe cramping and heavy bleeding.
- D. The patient experiences painless bleeding and an open cervix.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Threatened abortion occurs when the patient experiences slight vaginal bleeding through an undilated cervix. This is characterized by bleeding without cervical dilation, distinguishing it from inevitable abortion (heavy bleeding and cervical dilation), incomplete abortion (severe cramping and heavy bleeding), and missed abortion (painless bleeding and an open cervix).
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Which of the following are outcomes of an ectopic pregnancy EXCEPT?
- A. Tubal abortion
- B. Tubal rupture
- C. Intra-tubal bleeding
- D. Secondary abdominal pregnancy
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg implants outside the uterus. Common outcomes include tubal abortion (spontaneous termination of ectopic pregnancy within the fallopian tube), tubal rupture (rupture of the fallopian tube leading to internal bleeding), and intra-tubal bleeding. Secondary abdominal pregnancy, on the other hand, is a rare occurrence and not a typical outcome of an ectopic pregnancy. It involves the implantation of a fertilized egg in the peritoneal cavity rather than the uterus.
During fertilization, the portion of the decidua covering the blastocyst is called:
- A. Decidua basalis
- B. Decidua Vera
- C. Decidua parietalis
- D. Decidua capsularis
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: During fertilization, the decidua capsularis is the specific portion of the decidua that covers the blastocyst, providing protection and support. Decidua basalis refers to the part of the decidua located at the site of implantation on the maternal side. Decidua vera is the remainder of the decidua lining the uterus. Decidua parietalis is the portion of the decidua that lines the rest of the uterine cavity, except for the site of implantation. Therefore, in the context of fertilization, the decidua capsularis is the correct answer.
Which of the following Leopold maneuvers assesses the fetal lie?
- A. Fundal grip
- B. Umbilical grip
- C. Pawlick grip
- D. Pelvic grip
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Fundal grip. Fundal grip is a specific Leopold maneuver used to assess the fetal lie by palpating the upper abdomen to determine the position of the baby's back and presenting part. This maneuver helps healthcare providers understand the orientation of the fetus within the uterus. Choice B, Umbilical grip, is not a recognized Leopold maneuver and does not assess fetal lie. Choice C, Pawlick grip, and choice D, Pelvic grip, are also not part of the standard Leopold maneuvers used to determine fetal lie.
Which of the following is a function of the placenta?
- A. The placenta secretes insulin.
- B. The placenta facilitates the exchange of gases and nutrients between mother and fetus.
- C. The placenta provides immunological protection to the fetus.
- D. The placenta stores fat-soluble vitamins for the fetus.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B. The placenta serves as a crucial organ during pregnancy, facilitating the exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) and nutrients (such as glucose and amino acids) between the mother and the developing fetus. This exchange is vital for the fetus's growth and development. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect. The placenta does not secrete insulin; insulin is produced by the pancreas. While the placenta provides some immune support to the fetus, its main role is not immunological protection. Additionally, storing fat-soluble vitamins is not a primary function of the placenta.
At 3-4 weeks of pregnancy, the breast changes include:
- A. Darkening of the nipple.
- B. Prickling, tingling sensation.
- C. Breast becomes tender.
- D. Colostrum can be expressed.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: At 3-4 weeks of pregnancy, breast changes commonly involve tenderness due to hormonal fluctuations. Darkening of the nipple (Choice A) typically occurs later in pregnancy. Prickling, tingling sensations (Choice B) are more associated with early pregnancy due to increased blood flow to the breast area. Colostrum production (Choice D) usually begins later in pregnancy, closer to the end of the third trimester.