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When the nurse reads the diagnosis of centrilobar emphysema, the nurse recognizes that this type of emphysema is characterized by:
- A. No significant smoking history in the patient.
- B. Enlarged and broken down bronchioles, with intact alveoli.
- C. Hypoelastic bronchi and bronchioles.
- D. Deficiency of the enzyme inhibitor alpha "“ antitrypsin.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because centrilobar emphysema is characterized by enlarged and broken down bronchioles with intact alveoli. This type of emphysema primarily affects the respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts in the upper lung lobes. The other choices are incorrect because: A) Significant smoking history is usually present in patients with centrilobar emphysema. C) Hypoelastic bronchi and bronchioles are not characteristic of centrilobar emphysema. D) Deficiency of the enzyme inhibitor alpha-1 antitrypsin is associated with a different type of emphysema called panlobar emphysema, not centrilobar emphysema.
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An oxygen delivery system is prescribed for a male client with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to deliver a precise oxygen concentration. Which of the following types of oxygen delivery systems would the nurse anticipate to be prescribed?
- A. Face tent
- B. Venturi mask
- C. Aerosol mask
- D. Tracheostomy collar
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Venturi mask. This type of oxygen delivery system allows for precise oxygen concentration delivery by adjusting the oxygen flow rate and selecting the appropriate color-coded adaptor. Venturi masks are commonly used in clients with COPD to ensure accurate oxygen delivery and prevent oxygen toxicity.
A: Face tent provides high humidity but does not allow for precise oxygen concentration delivery.
C: Aerosol mask is used for humidification and medication delivery, not for precise oxygen concentration.
D: Tracheostomy collar is used for clients with a tracheostomy, not for precise oxygen concentration in COPD.
A male client with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is recovering from a myocardial infarction. Because the client is extremely weak and can't produce an effective cough, the nurse should monitor closely for:
- A. Pleural effusion
- B. Pulmonary edema
- C. Atelectasis
- D. Oxygen toxicity
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Atelectasis. In a client with COPD recovering from a myocardial infarction, the weakened state and ineffective cough can lead to the collapse of alveoli, causing atelectasis. This condition can further impair gas exchange and oxygenation, leading to respiratory distress. Monitoring for atelectasis is crucial to prevent complications. Pleural effusion (A) and pulmonary edema (B) are not directly related to the client's condition and symptoms. Oxygen toxicity (D) is a potential concern with high oxygen therapy but is not the most immediate risk for this client scenario.
during rest state normal breathing called
- A. Breathing
- B. diaphragmatic
- C. Diaphragmatic breathing
- D. non
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Diaphragmatic breathing. During rest, normal breathing involves the diaphragm contracting and moving downward to draw air into the lungs. This type of breathing is known as diaphragmatic breathing. Choice A (Breathing) is too broad and does not specify the involvement of the diaphragm. Choice B (Diaphragmatic) does not fully describe the process of breathing during rest. Choice D (Non) is incorrect as it does not provide any information related to the breathing process during rest state. Therefore, C is the most accurate choice as it specifically identifies the type of breathing that occurs during rest.
Asthma is caused due to
- A. Infection of trachea
- B. Infection of lungs
- C. Bleeding into pleural cavity
- D. Spasm in bronchial muscles
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Spasm in bronchial muscles. Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airways, leading to difficulty breathing. Bronchial muscles in the airways undergo spasms, causing constriction and making it hard to breathe. Infection of the trachea (A) or lungs (B) may lead to respiratory symptoms but is not the primary cause of asthma. Bleeding into the pleural cavity (C) is unrelated to the pathophysiology of asthma. Therefore, the correct answer is D as it directly correlates with the underlying mechanism of asthma.
Which of the following are normal breath sounds?
- A. Sounds heard over the trachea - medium pitch
- B. Sounds heard between the trachea and upper lungs - loud
- C. Sounds heard over the lung fields - quiet and low-pitched
- D. Sounds that are discrete - continuous and musical
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C. Normal breath sounds over the lung fields are vesicular, characterized as quiet and low-pitched. A is incorrect because bronchial breath sounds over the trachea are high-pitched and loud. B is incorrect as these intermediate sounds occur near large airways, not throughout the lung fields. D describes adventitious sounds like wheezing or crackles, which are abnormal.