Nokea
Which of the following are not present prior to birth?
- A. Pulmonary arterial resistance is high
- B. Pulmonary vessels are collapsed
- C. Rib cage is compressed
- D. Alveoli are expanded
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Alveoli are expanded. Prior to birth, the alveoli in the lungs are collapsed, and they begin to expand and develop after birth when the baby starts breathing air. A: Pulmonary arterial resistance is high due to blood flow bypassing the lungs. B: Pulmonary vessels are collapsed to prevent blood flow in the fetal lungs. C: The rib cage is compressed in the womb due to the limited space, but it expands after birth to allow for lung expansion.
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Which form of epithelial tissue may be found in the upper respiratory system (URS)?
- A. pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.
- B. moist cuboidal epithelium.
- C. simple squamous epithelium.
- D. stratified squamous epithelium.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step 1: The upper respiratory system requires protection and mucus secretion.
Step 2: Pseudostratified epithelium provides protection and has cilia for moving mucus.
Step 3: Ciliated columnar cells help sweep mucus and debris out of the respiratory tract.
Step 4: Therefore, pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium is the correct choice.
Summary:
B: Moist cuboidal epithelium lacks cilia and isn't specialized for mucus clearance.
C: Simple squamous epithelium is too thin and fragile for protection.
D: Stratified squamous epithelium is more suited for areas with high mechanical stress.
Tidal volume in human beings is
- A. 1000 ml
- B. 1500 ml
- C. 500 ml
- D. 4.5 ml
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: 500 ml. Tidal volume refers to the amount of air inspired or expired during normal breathing. In adult humans, the average tidal volume is around 500 ml. This volume represents the typical amount of air exchanged with each breath. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because they do not accurately reflect the standard tidal volume in human beings. Option A (1000 ml) and B (1500 ml) are too high for a normal tidal volume, while option D (4.5 ml) is too low. Therefore, the correct answer is C as it aligns with the average tidal volume in human beings.
A male client with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is recovering from a myocardial infarction. Because the client is extremely weak and can't produce an effective cough, the nurse should monitor closely for:
- A. Pleural effusion
- B. Pulmonary edema
- C. Atelectasis
- D. Oxygen toxicity
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Atelectasis. In a client with COPD recovering from a myocardial infarction, the weakened state and ineffective cough can lead to the collapse of alveoli, causing atelectasis. This condition can further impair gas exchange and oxygenation, leading to respiratory distress. Monitoring for atelectasis is crucial to prevent complications. Pleural effusion (A) and pulmonary edema (B) are not directly related to the client's condition and symptoms. Oxygen toxicity (D) is a potential concern with high oxygen therapy but is not the most immediate risk for this client scenario.
A patient is having her tonsils removed. The patient asks the nurse what function the tonsils normally serve. Which of the following would be the most accurate response?
- A. The tonsils separate your windpipe from your throat when you swallow.
- B. The tonsils help to guard the body from invasion of organisms.
- C. The tonsils make enzymes that you swallow and which aid with digestion.
- D. The tonsils help with regulating the airflow down into your lungs.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: The tonsils help to guard the body from invasion of organisms. Tonsils are part of the immune system and act as the body's first line of defense against bacteria and viruses that enter through the mouth and nose. They help to trap and kill these pathogens, preventing them from causing infections in the body. This function is essential for overall immune response and protection against illnesses.
Explanation for why the other choices are incorrect:
A: The tonsils do not separate the windpipe from the throat. That function is performed by the epiglottis.
C: Tonsils do not make enzymes for digestion. Enzymes for digestion are mainly produced by the pancreas and salivary glands.
D: Tonsils do not regulate airflow into the lungs. The epiglottis and other structures in the respiratory system are responsible for regulating airflow.
during rest state normal breathing called
- A. Breathing
- B. diaphragmatic
- C. Diaphragmatic breathing
- D. non
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Diaphragmatic breathing. During rest, normal breathing involves the diaphragm contracting and moving downward to draw air into the lungs. This type of breathing is known as diaphragmatic breathing. Choice A (Breathing) is too broad and does not specify the involvement of the diaphragm. Choice B (Diaphragmatic) does not fully describe the process of breathing during rest. Choice D (Non) is incorrect as it does not provide any information related to the breathing process during rest state. Therefore, C is the most accurate choice as it specifically identifies the type of breathing that occurs during rest.