Nokea
Asthma is caused due to
- A. Infection of trachea
- B. Infection of lungs
- C. Bleeding into pleural cavity
- D. Spasm in bronchial muscles
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Spasm in bronchial muscles. Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airways, leading to difficulty breathing. Bronchial muscles in the airways undergo spasms, causing constriction and making it hard to breathe. Infection of the trachea (A) or lungs (B) may lead to respiratory symptoms but is not the primary cause of asthma. Bleeding into the pleural cavity (C) is unrelated to the pathophysiology of asthma. Therefore, the correct answer is D as it directly correlates with the underlying mechanism of asthma.
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Factors affecting the release of oxygen from hemoglobin can be visualized by using a
- A. spirograph
- B. pulmonary volume chart
- C. respiratory cycle chart
- D. oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve. This is because the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve graphically depicts the relationship between the saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen and the partial pressure of oxygen. This curve helps visualize factors affecting oxygen release, such as pH, temperature, and carbon dioxide levels.
A: Spirograph is a tool used for drawing geometric shapes and has no relevance to hemoglobin oxygen release.
B: Pulmonary volume chart is used to measure lung volumes and capacities, not specifically related to hemoglobin oxygen release.
C: Respiratory cycle chart may show breathing patterns but does not directly visualize factors affecting oxygen release from hemoglobin.
In summary, the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve is the most appropriate tool for visualizing factors influencing oxygen release from hemoglobin, making it the correct choice over the other options.
Which form of epithelial tissue may be found in the upper respiratory system (URS)?
- A. pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.
- B. moist cuboidal epithelium.
- C. simple squamous epithelium.
- D. stratified squamous epithelium.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step 1: The upper respiratory system requires protection and mucus secretion.
Step 2: Pseudostratified epithelium provides protection and has cilia for moving mucus.
Step 3: Ciliated columnar cells help sweep mucus and debris out of the respiratory tract.
Step 4: Therefore, pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium is the correct choice.
Summary:
B: Moist cuboidal epithelium lacks cilia and isn't specialized for mucus clearance.
C: Simple squamous epithelium is too thin and fragile for protection.
D: Stratified squamous epithelium is more suited for areas with high mechanical stress.
Which of the following is a sign or symptom characteristic of the later stages of TB?
- A. Fatigue
- B. Hemoptysis
- C. Anorexia
- D. Weight loss
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B. Hemoptysis (coughing up blood) is a hallmark sign of advanced TB. A (fatigue), C (anorexia), and D (weight loss) are earlier or nonspecific symptoms.
What is the term used to describe the fluid buildup in the lungs often seen in heart failure patients?
- A. Ascites
- B. Edema
- C. Pleurisy
- D. Effusion
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Edema. In heart failure patients, fluid buildup in the lungs is known as pulmonary edema. This occurs due to the heart's inability to pump effectively, leading to fluid leaking into the lungs' air sacs. Ascites (A) is fluid buildup in the abdomen, not the lungs. Pleurisy (C) is inflammation of the lining around the lungs, not fluid buildup. Effusion (D) refers to fluid accumulation in body cavities like the chest or abdomen, but it is not specific to the lungs like pulmonary edema.
cochlea's have how many fluid filled chamber?
- A. 1
- B. 2
- C. 3
- D. 4
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The cochlea has 3 fluid-filled chambers: the scala vestibuli, scala media, and scala tympani. These chambers are essential for hearing as they contain different fluids (perilymph and endolymph) that help transmit sound vibrations. Choice A (1 chamber) is incorrect as the cochlea has multiple distinct chambers. Choice B (2 chambers) is incorrect as it does not accurately reflect the anatomical structure of the cochlea. Choice D (4 chambers) is incorrect as the cochlea typically consists of 3 chambers, not 4. Therefore, the correct answer is C (3 chambers) based on the accurate anatomical structure of the cochlea.