Nokea
When the stomach is empty, it folds up into wrinkles called:
- A. shincters
- B. bolus
- C. rugae
- D. chyme
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: rugae. When the stomach is empty, it folds up into wrinkles called rugae. These folds allow the stomach to expand when food is consumed and contract when it is empty. Shincters (A) are muscular valves that control the flow of food in and out of the stomach, not the folds of the stomach itself. Bolus (B) refers to a small rounded mass of a substance, typically food that has been chewed and is ready to be swallowed, not the wrinkles of the stomach. Chyme (D) is the semi-fluid mass of partly digested food that is expelled by the stomach into the small intestine, not the folds of the stomach.
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Although HAV antigens are not tested in the blood, they stimulate specific immunoglobulin M (IgM) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies. Which antibody indicates there is acute HAV infection?
- A. Anti-HBc IgG
- B. Anti-HBc IgM
- C. Anti-HAV IgG
- D. Anti-HAV IgM
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Anti-HAV IgM. IgM antibodies indicate acute infection as they are the first antibodies produced in response to a new infection. In the case of HAV, the presence of Anti-HAV IgM suggests recent exposure to the virus.
A: Anti-HBc IgG is not relevant to HAV infection. It indicates past or chronic hepatitis B infection.
B: Anti-HBc IgM is specific to hepatitis B infection, not HAV.
C: Anti-HAV IgG indicates past exposure or immunity to HAV, not acute infection.
Which one of the following is the correct pathway of bile from the hepatocytes to the gallbladder?
- A. bile canaliculus → hepatic duct → common hepatic duct → common bile duct → gallbladder.
- B. bile canaliculus → hepatic duct → cystic duct → common hepatic duct → gallbladder.
- C. hepatic sinusoid → central vein → hepatic vein → gall bladder.
- D. bile canaliculus → hepatic duct → common hepatic duct → cystic duct → gallbladder.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: bile canaliculus → hepatic duct → common hepatic duct → cystic duct → gallbladder. This pathway reflects the anatomical sequence of bile flow from the smallest bile ducts within the liver (bile canaliculi) to the gallbladder. Bile canaliculi collect bile from hepatocytes, which then flows through larger ducts (hepatic duct, common hepatic duct) before reaching the cystic duct, which connects to the gallbladder for bile storage.
Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because they do not follow the correct anatomical pathway of bile flow. For example, in choice A, the common hepatic duct should connect directly to the cystic duct, not the common bile duct. In choice B, the cystic duct should not connect to the common hepatic duct. In choice C, bile does not flow through the central vein or hepatic vein
What does the liver secrete to aid in digestion?
- A. insulin
- B. bile
- C. gastrin
- D. pepsin
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: bile. The liver secretes bile to aid in digestion by emulsifying fats, helping in their breakdown and absorption. Insulin (choice A) is secreted by the pancreas to regulate blood sugar levels, not aid in digestion. Gastrin (choice C) is a hormone produced by the stomach to stimulate the secretion of gastric acid, not by the liver. Pepsin (choice D) is an enzyme produced in the stomach to break down proteins, not secreted by the liver.
What is a common complication following a laparoscopic cholecystectomy?
- A. Bile leak
- B. Wound infection
- C. Deep vein thrombosis
- D. Pulmonary embolism
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Bile leak. After a laparoscopic cholecystectomy, bile leak is a common complication due to injury to the bile ducts during surgery. This can lead to abdominal pain, infection, and other serious complications. Wound infection (B) is less common in laparoscopic surgeries. Deep vein thrombosis (C) and pulmonary embolism (D) are more associated with prolonged immobility post-surgery, which is less of a concern in laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
The nurse is teaching a client about sexual modifications for clients with an ostomy. Which of the following strategies would the nurse suggest when anticipating sexual activity?
- A. Leave the stoma open to air and cover with a towel.
- B. Instruct the client to limit foods that activate the bowel.
- C. Bathe and apply a fresh pouch after having sex.
- D. Consult with members of a local ostomy support group.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because limiting foods that activate the bowel can help reduce the chances of embarrassing situations during sexual activity. Certain foods can cause gas or increase stool output, which may affect the client's confidence and comfort. Leaving the stoma open to air and covering with a towel (choice A) is not recommended during sexual activity as it may lead to odor and potential leakage. Bathing and applying a fresh pouch after sex (choice C) is important for hygiene but does not directly address preparation for sexual activity. Consulting with an ostomy support group (choice D) is beneficial for emotional support but does not specifically address strategies for anticipating sexual activity.