Nokea
When was the first vaccine for smallpox developed?
- A. 1726
- B. 1796
- C. 1882
- D. 1895
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: 1796. This is because the first vaccine for smallpox was developed by Edward Jenner in 1796. He used cowpox virus to create immunity against smallpox. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because they do not align with historical records of the development of the smallpox vaccine. Choice A (1726) is too early, choices C (1882) and D (1895) are much later dates and do not correspond to the actual timeline of the smallpox vaccine's discovery.
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The way in which some organism supplies some other organism with food and energy known as
- A. Food chains
- B. Food Network
- C. Pyramid of power
- D. levels of nutrition
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Food chains. A food chain depicts the flow of energy and nutrients from one organism to another in an ecosystem. It shows how energy is transferred from producers to consumers. Food network (B) is a more complex and interconnected system than a simple linear chain. Pyramid of power (C) represents the energy flow in an ecosystem, not the transfer of food. Levels of nutrition (D) is not a term commonly used to describe how organisms transfer food and energy.
Why do opportunistic diseases develop in an individual with AIDS?
- A. They are side effects of drug treatment of AIDS.
- B. They are sexually transmitted to individuals during exposure to HIV.
- C. They are characteristic in individuals with stimulated B and T lymphocytes.
- D. These infections or tumors occur in a person with an incompetent immune system.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Opportunistic diseases arise because the immune system is severely compromised in individuals with AIDS, making them susceptible to infections and cancers they would otherwise resist.
Deficiencies in the classical pathway of complement are associated with:
- A. Increased cancer risk
- B. Resistance to bacterial infections
- C. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
- D. Overactivation of adaptive immunity
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale:
1. Deficiencies in the classical pathway lead to impaired clearance of immune complexes, hence contributing to SLE.
2. This pathway plays a crucial role in removing self-antigens and maintaining immune tolerance.
3. Increased cancer risk (A) is not directly linked to classical pathway deficiencies.
4. Resistance to bacterial infections (B) is more associated with deficiencies in the alternative pathway.
5. Overactivation of adaptive immunity (D) is not a direct consequence of classical pathway deficiencies.
What is the primary role of Helper T cells in the immune response?
- A. Killing infected host cells
- B. Producing antibodies
- C. Secreting cytokines to activate other immune cells
- D. Suppressing immune responses
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Helper T cells primarily secrete cytokines to activate other immune cells. This is crucial for coordinating and amplifying the immune response. They do not kill infected host cells (A), as that is the role of cytotoxic T cells. Producing antibodies (B) is the function of B cells. Suppressing immune responses (D) is the role of regulatory T cells, not Helper T cells.
A 28-year-old male Gulf War veteran tells the nurse he gets a headache, sore throat, shortness of breath, and nausea when his girlfriend wears perfume and when he was painting her apartment. He is afraid he has cancer. What does the nurse suspect may be the patient’s problem?
- A. He has posttraumatic stress disorder.
- B. He has multiple chemical sensitivities.
- C. He needs to wear a mask when he paints.
- D. He is looking for an excuse to break up with his girlfriend.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Multiple chemical sensitivities could explain the patient's symptoms triggered by exposure to various chemicals.