ATI Immune System Quizlet

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During an adaptive immune response to a pathogen an important outcome of the clonal selection process is:

  • A. An increase in the number of lymphocytes specific for the pathogen that activated the response
  • B. Elimination of lymphocytes that are not specific for the pathogen that activated the response
  • C. An increase in the number of antigen receptor specificities expressed by each lymphocyte
  • D. All of the above
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because during clonal selection, lymphocytes specific to the pathogen are activated, leading to their proliferation and differentiation into effector cells. This results in an increase in the number of lymphocytes specific for the pathogen, enhancing the immune response.

Choice B is incorrect because clonal selection does not involve the elimination of non-specific lymphocytes but rather the expansion of specific lymphocytes.

Choice C is also incorrect because clonal selection does not change the antigen receptor specificities expressed by lymphocytes but instead focuses on expanding the population of lymphocytes with receptors specific to the pathogen.

Therefore, the correct outcome of clonal selection is the increase in the number of lymphocytes specific for the pathogen that activated the response, making choice A the most accurate option.

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What is the role of complement component C3b in immune responses?

  • A. Initiates MAC formation
  • B. Acts as an opsonin to enhance phagocytosis
  • C. Triggers inflammation
  • D. Neutralizes cytokines
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: C3b acts as an opsonin to enhance phagocytosis. C3b binds to pathogens and enhances their recognition by phagocytic cells, facilitating their engulfment and destruction. This process is crucial for efficient immune responses. A, MAC formation, is initiated by the membrane attack complex, not C3b. C, inflammation, is triggered by various mediators such as histamine and cytokines, not C3b. D, neutralizing cytokines, is not a function of C3b; cytokines are regulatory proteins involved in immune responses.

Cells involved in allergic reactions include

  • A. Mast cells
  • B. Eosinophils
  • C. Basophils
  • D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, "All of the above." Mast cells, eosinophils, and basophils are all involved in allergic reactions. Mast cells release histamine, leading to inflammation. Eosinophils are involved in allergic responses and parasitic infections. Basophils release histamine and other inflammatory mediators. Therefore, all three cell types play a crucial role in allergic reactions. Choices A, B, and C alone are incorrect because each cell type individually participates in allergic reactions.

Identify which statements are correct.

  • A. All bacteria have peptidoglycan in their cell walls.
  • B. All fungi have chitin in their cell walls.
  • C. All algae have cellulose in their cell walls.
  • D. All protozoans have protein in their cell walls.
Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because protozoans do not have cell walls. They are single-celled organisms that lack a rigid cell wall. This distinguishes them from other microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, and algae which have distinct cell wall compositions such as peptidoglycan, chitin, and cellulose respectively. Choice A is incorrect as not all bacteria have peptidoglycan in their cell walls, some have other types of cell wall structures. Choice B is incorrect as not all fungi have chitin in their cell walls, some may have different components. Choice C is incorrect as not all algae have cellulose in their cell walls, there are variations in cell wall composition among different algal species.

A patient with advanced AIDS has a nursing diagnosis of impaired memory related to neurologic changes. In planning care for the patient, what should the nurse set as the highest priority?

  • A. Maintain a safe patient environment
  • B. Provide a quiet, nonstressful environment to avoid overstimulation
  • C. Use memory cues such as calendars and clocks to promote orientation
  • D. Provide written instructions of directions to promote understanding and orientation
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Safety is paramount for cognitively impaired patients. Preventing falls and ensuring access to necessities takes precedence over other interventions.

What is the primary function of cytokines in the immune system?

  • A. To act as a physical barrier to pathogens
  • B. To orchestrate and drive immune responses
  • C. To destroy red blood cells
  • D. To generate antibodies
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: To orchestrate and drive immune responses. Cytokines are signaling molecules that coordinate various aspects of the immune response, such as inflammation, cell proliferation, and differentiation. They regulate communication between immune cells to mount an effective defense against pathogens.

A: To act as a physical barrier to pathogens - Incorrect. Physical barriers include skin and mucous membranes, not cytokines.
C: To destroy red blood cells - Incorrect. Cytokines are not involved in destroying red blood cells.
D: To generate antibodies - Incorrect. While cytokines can influence antibody production, their primary role is not in generating antibodies.

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