Nokea
Where are the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands found?
- A. mouth
- B. stomach
- C. pancreas
- D. duodenum
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands are the main salivary glands located in the mouth. They play a crucial role in producing saliva, which aids in digestion. The stomach (choice B) is where gastric juices are produced, the pancreas (choice C) secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestine, and the duodenum (choice D) is the first part of the small intestine where most chemical digestion occurs. Therefore, the correct answer is the mouth (choice A) as it is where these salivary glands are situated.
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The hormone secretin stimulates production of a buffering solution for the duodenum by the:
- A. stomach.
- B. liver.
- C. pancreas.
- D. oxyntic cells.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: pancreas. Secretin stimulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate, which acts as a buffering solution to neutralize the acid entering the duodenum from the stomach. This process helps in maintaining the pH balance in the small intestine. Choice A, stomach, is incorrect as the stomach does not produce the buffering solution needed for the duodenum. Choice B, liver, is incorrect because secretin does not directly stimulate the liver to produce a buffering solution. Choice D, oxyntic cells, is also incorrect as these cells in the stomach are responsible for producing gastric acid, not the buffering solution needed in the duodenum.
Where does the absorption of most nutrients occur?
- A. Large intestine.
- B. Small intestine.
- C. Stomach.
- D. Mouth.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The absorption of most nutrients occurs in the small intestine. This is where digested food is broken down further and absorbed into the bloodstream through the intestinal walls. The large intestine primarily absorbs water and electrolytes, while the stomach mainly aids in digestion by breaking down food with gastric juices. The mouth is responsible for the initial mechanical breakdown of food through chewing and the enzymatic action of saliva, but absorption does not occur there.
Ketones are produced when:
- A. carbohydrate stores are depleted.
- B. excess protein is consumed.
- C. protein stores are depleted.
- D. fat stores are depleted.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Ketones are produced when the body uses fat for energy due to the depletion of carbohydrate stores. When carbohydrate stores are depleted, the body turns to fat as its primary source of energy, leading to the production of ketones. Excess protein consumption does not directly lead to ketone production. Similarly, the depletion of protein stores or fat stores is not directly related to the production of ketones.
What is the term for the production of glucose from protein, lactate, or glycerol?
- A. glycolysis
- B. gluconeogenesis
- C. glycogenolysis
- D. glucogenesis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Gluconeogenesis is the correct term for the production of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources such as protein, lactate, or glycerol. Choice A, glycolysis, is the process of breaking down glucose into pyruvate. Choice C, glycogenolysis, is the breakdown of glycogen into glucose. Choice D, glucogenesis, is not a recognized term in biochemistry.
What is the main constituent of blood plasma, interstitial fluid, and intracellular fluid?
- A. potassium
- B. sodium
- C. water
- D. calcium
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: water. Water is the main component of blood plasma, interstitial fluid, and intracellular fluid. It plays a crucial role in various bodily functions, including transporting nutrients, regulating body temperature, and maintaining cell structure. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because while potassium, sodium, and calcium are essential electrolytes found in the body, they are not the main constituents of these fluids as water is.