Nokea
Where does gluconeogenesis occur?
- A. Muscles.
- B. Pancreas.
- C. Liver.
- D. Spleen.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Gluconeogenesis mainly occurs in the liver. It is a process where glucose is synthesized from non-carbohydrate sources such as amino acids and glycerol. The liver is the primary site for gluconeogenesis due to the presence of key enzymes and substrates required for this process. Muscles do not play a significant role in gluconeogenesis, making choice A incorrect. The pancreas is involved in the regulation of blood sugar levels through insulin and glucagon but is not the primary site for gluconeogenesis, so choice B is incorrect. The spleen is not a major organ involved in glucose metabolism, making choice D incorrect.
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Which hormone prevents excessive gastric activity?
- A. Gastrin
- B. Enterogastrone
- C. Secretin
- D. Cholecystokinin
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is Enterogastrone. Enterogastrone is a hormone that inhibits excessive gastric activity by slowing down stomach contractions and emptying. Gastrin (choice A) stimulates gastric acid secretion, secretin (choice C) regulates pH levels in the duodenum, and cholecystokinin (choice D) stimulates the release of digestive enzymes and bile.
In addition to active transport, which process is involved in absorbing food in the small intestine?
- A. pinocytosis
- B. excretion
- C. phagocytosis
- D. electrochemical diffusion
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is pinocytosis. Pinocytosis is a process where cells in the small intestine absorb nutrients by engulfing them. This process is different from phagocytosis, which involves engulfing large particles, and excretion, which is the removal of waste products. Electrochemical diffusion is not directly involved in the absorption of food in the small intestine.
The hormone secretin stimulates production of a buffering solution for the duodenum by the:
- A. stomach.
- B. liver.
- C. pancreas.
- D. oxyntic cells.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: pancreas. Secretin stimulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate, which acts as a buffering solution to neutralize the acid entering the duodenum from the stomach. This process helps in maintaining the pH balance in the small intestine. Choice A, stomach, is incorrect as the stomach does not produce the buffering solution needed for the duodenum. Choice B, liver, is incorrect because secretin does not directly stimulate the liver to produce a buffering solution. Choice D, oxyntic cells, is also incorrect as these cells in the stomach are responsible for producing gastric acid, not the buffering solution needed in the duodenum.
What is the process by which proteins are synthesized from the available amino acids?
- A. Gluconeogenesis.
- B. Deamination.
- C. Protein synthesis.
- D. Transamination.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Protein synthesis. This process involves the formation of proteins from amino acids to support various body functions. Gluconeogenesis (choice A) is the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, not protein synthesis. Deamination (choice B) is the removal of an amino group from an amino acid, not the synthesis of proteins. Transamination (choice D) is the transfer of an amino group from one molecule to another, not the direct synthesis of proteins.
The rate of gastric emptying depends on the:
- A. time of day food is consumed.
- B. composition of food consumed.
- C. rate of food consumption.
- D. frequency of eating.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The rate at which the stomach empties its contents is primarily determined by the composition of the food consumed. Foods high in fat and protein tend to slow down gastric emptying, while foods high in carbohydrates usually pass through more quickly. Therefore, the composition of food consumed directly impacts the rate of gastric emptying. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect as they do not directly affect the rate of gastric emptying.