Nokea
Where in the body are microvilli located, facilitating the absorption of most nutrients?
- A. Stomach
- B. Pancreas
- C. Large Intestine
- D. Small Intestine
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Small Intestine. Microvilli are present in the small intestine, significantly increasing its surface area for efficient absorption of nutrients. The small intestine is the primary site for nutrient absorption in the body. The stomach (choice A) primarily functions to break down food with its acidic environment but is not where most nutrients are absorbed. The pancreas (choice B) produces enzymes to aid in digestion but does not directly absorb nutrients. The large intestine (choice C) mainly absorbs water and electrolytes from undigested food, rather than nutrients.
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Does the reduction in oxidative damage that occurs with energy restriction in animals also occur in people whose diets include _____?
- A. fiber and carbohydrates
- B. fatty acids and protein
- C. probiotics
- D. antioxidants and phytochemicals
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is 'antioxidants and phytochemicals'. Antioxidants and phytochemicals help reduce oxidative damage in the body, contributing to healthy aging and a lower risk of chronic diseases. This is the same effect observed in animals when their energy intake is restricted. The other choices are incorrect as there is no direct evidence connecting reduced oxidative damage with diets high in fiber and carbohydrates, fatty acids and protein, or probiotics.
What is a major constituent of cell membranes?
- A. cholesterol
- B. phospholipid
- C. saturated
- D. triglyceride
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Phospholipids are a major component of cell membranes, providing structural integrity and facilitating cell signaling. Cholesterol (choice A) is also present in cell membranes but in smaller amounts and plays a different role. Saturated (choice C) and triglyceride (choice D) are not major constituents of cell membranes.
Each of the following foods has cariostatic properties, with one exception. Which food is the exception?
- A. Eggs
- B. Instant oatmeal
- C. Cheese
- D. Seafood
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Cariostatic foods are those that contribute to the prevention of tooth decay. Eggs, cheese, and seafood are all cariostatic foods, as they can aid in protecting against tooth decay. On the contrary, instant oatmeal does not possess these cariostatic properties. Due to its processed nature, it is more fermentable and cariogenic, which means it can encourage cavity formation. Although it is not directly harmful to the teeth, it does not provide the same defensive benefits against tooth decay as the other choices do. Therefore, 'Instant oatmeal' is the exception among these foods and is the correct answer.
Which nutrients might people who follow a vegan diet be deficient in?
- A. Vitamin B12
- B. Vitamin C
- C. Vitamins A and D
- D. Calcium
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: People who adhere to a vegan diet might indeed be deficient in vitamins A and D, which are primarily found in animal-derived foods. While vitamin B12 and calcium can also be lacking in a vegan diet, these were not choices given that would correctly answer the question. Vitamin C, on the other hand, is widely available in numerous plant-based foods, making it less likely for vegans to be deficient in it. Therefore, the correct answer is 'Vitamins A and D'. It's important to note that deficiencies can be avoided through careful meal planning or supplementation.
An essential nutrient must:
- A. be eaten every day
- B. be obtained by the diet
- C. be water soluble
- D. be eaten at every meal
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: 'be obtained by the diet.' Essential nutrients are those that the body cannot synthesize in sufficient quantities and must therefore be obtained through the diet. Choice A is incorrect because not all essential nutrients need to be consumed daily; the frequency of consumption varies. Choice C is incorrect because not all essential nutrients are water-soluble; they can be water-soluble or fat-soluble. Choice D is incorrect because essential nutrients do not need to be consumed at every meal, but rather need to be included in the overall diet regularly.