Nokea
Which antibiotics against Parvovirus B19 can be found during the first 10-14 days of the infection:
- A. IgG
- B. IgA
- C. IgD
- D. IgM
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: IgM. IgM antibodies are the first type of antibodies produced by the immune system in response to an acute infection, such as Parvovirus B19. During the first 10-14 days of the infection, IgM antibodies are usually detectable in the blood, indicating a recent or ongoing infection. IgG antibodies (choice A) are produced later in the immune response and indicate past infection or immunity. IgA (choice B) is more commonly associated with mucosal immunity and may not be as prominent in the early stages of systemic infections. IgD (choice C) is primarily found on the surface of B cells and is involved in B cell activation but is not typically used as a marker for acute infections like IgM.
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Which bacteria is known for producing a neurotoxin that causes botulism?
- A. Clostridium botulinum
- B. Clostridium tetani
- C. Streptococcus pneumoniae
- D. Escherichia coli
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Clostridium botulinum is known for producing the neurotoxin causing botulism.
2. Botulinum toxin paralyzes muscles, leading to symptoms of botulism.
3. Clostridium tetani produces tetanus toxin causing muscle rigidity, not botulism.
4. Streptococcus pneumoniae causes pneumonia, not botulism.
5. Escherichia coli can cause food poisoning, but not botulism.
Summary:
Choice A is correct (Clostridium botulinum) due to its association with botulism and neurotoxin production. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they are associated with different diseases and toxins.
A patient's blood culture revealed Gram-positive rods capable of spore formation. They were also motile and produced gas in nutrient broth. What is the causative agent?
- A. Clostridium perfringens
- B. Bacillus anthracis
- C. Clostridium tetani
- D. Bacillus cereus
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Clostridium perfringens. This bacterium fits all the characteristics mentioned: Gram-positive rods with spore formation, motile, and gas production in nutrient broth. Clostridium perfringens is known to cause gas gangrene, which aligns with the gas production in nutrient broth. Bacillus anthracis (B) causes anthrax and does not typically produce gas. Clostridium tetani (C) causes tetanus and does not form spores that are motile. Bacillus cereus (D) is a common cause of food poisoning and does not cause gas gangrene.
Anti-tetanus gamma globulin is produced by hyperimmunization of donors with tetanus anatoxin. What class of immunoglobulins prevails in this preparation?
- A. IgG
- B. IgA
- C. IgM
- D. IgE
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: IgG. Anti-tetanus gamma globulin is produced by hyperimmunization, leading to a high concentration of specific antibodies, predominantly IgG. IgG is the most abundant immunoglobulin in the blood and provides long-term immunity against tetanus. IgA is mainly found in mucosal areas, not in gamma globulin preparations. IgM is the first antibody produced in response to an infection and is not the prevailing class in this preparation. IgE is associated with allergic reactions and parasitic infections, not with anti-tetanus immunity.
Which bacteria are responsible for causing the disease known as leprosy?
- A. Mycobacterium leprae
- B. Escherichia coli
- C. Clostridium botulinum
- D. Staphylococcus aureus
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Mycobacterium leprae. This bacterium is responsible for causing leprosy because it has a unique ability to infect the skin, nerves, and mucous membranes. It is an acid-fast bacillus that multiplies very slowly, leading to a chronic infection. Clostridium botulinum (choice C) causes botulism, Escherichia coli (choice B) causes various gastrointestinal infections, and Staphylococcus aureus (choice D) causes skin infections and other diseases, but none of these bacteria are associated with leprosy.
Which bacterium is known as a common cause of hospital-acquired infections?
- A. Clostridium botulinum
- B. Staphylococcus aureus
- C. Treponema pallidum
- D. Mycobacterium leprae
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Staphylococcus aureus. This bacterium is known as a common cause of hospital-acquired infections due to its ability to colonize the skin and mucous membranes of healthcare workers and patients. Staphylococcus aureus can cause various infections, including surgical site infections and bloodstream infections, in healthcare settings.
Rationale:
1. Clostridium botulinum is known for causing foodborne botulism, not hospital-acquired infections.
2. Treponema pallidum causes syphilis, which is primarily transmitted through sexual contact, not hospital settings.
3. Mycobacterium leprae causes leprosy, which is not commonly associated with hospital-acquired infections.
In summary, Staphylococcus aureus is the correct answer as it is a common cause of hospital-acquired infections due to its prevalence in healthcare environments, unlike the other choices which are not typically associated with hospital-acquired infections.