Nokea
Which antibiotics should be avoided in patients of liver disease?:
- A. Tetracycline
- B. Cotrimoxazole
- C. Cephalexin
- D. Ethanbutol
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Tetracycline. Tetracycline should be avoided in patients with liver disease due to its potential hepatotoxicity. Tetracycline is primarily metabolized in the liver and can exacerbate liver damage in patients with pre-existing liver conditions. Cotrimoxazole, Cephalexin, and Ethambutol are generally considered safe for use in patients with liver disease as they are not known to cause significant liver toxicity.
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An older man is concerned about his sexual performance. The nurse knows that in the absence of disease, a withdrawal from sexual activity later in life may be attributable to:
- A. Side effects of medications.
- B. Decreased libido with aging.
- C. Decreased sperm production.
- D. Decreased pleasure from sexual intercourse.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Side effects of medications. As people age, they are more likely to be on multiple medications, some of which can have side effects like erectile dysfunction or decreased libido, leading to a withdrawal from sexual activity. This is a common issue for older adults.
Choice B (Decreased libido with aging) is incorrect because while libido may decrease with age, it is not usually the sole reason for a complete withdrawal from sexual activity.
Choice C (Decreased sperm production) is incorrect as it is not directly related to a withdrawal from sexual activity in older men.
Choice D (Decreased pleasure from sexual intercourse) is incorrect as pleasure can still be experienced regardless of age, and it is unlikely to be the primary reason for withdrawal.
Which of the following statement(s) about metronidazole is correct?: *
- A. It is a rst line drug for amoebic dysentery as well as amoebic liver abscess
- B. It is activated nitro intermediates bind DNA and inhibit anaerobe replication
- C. It is the most effective drug in eradicating amoebic cysts from the colon
- D. (
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Correct Answer: B
Rationale:
1. Metronidazole is a nitroimidazole antibiotic that requires activation by bacterial reductases to form nitro intermediates.
2. These activated intermediates bind DNA, leading to DNA strand breakage and inhibition of anaerobic bacterial replication.
3. This mechanism of action makes metronidazole effective against anaerobic bacteria.
4. Choice A is incorrect as metronidazole is not the first-line drug for amoebic dysentery or liver abscess - it is mainly used for anaerobic infections.
5. Choice C is incorrect as metronidazole is not the most effective drug for eradicating amoebic cysts in the colon; other drugs like tinidazole are preferred for that purpose.
6. Choice D is incomplete and does not provide any information related to metronidazole's mechanism of action.
A patient is being treated with furosemide and Digoxin because of CHF. She * developed UTI. Which of the following antibiotics should NOT be prescribed?
- A. Cotrimoxazole
- B. Ciprooxacin
- C. Gentamycin
- D. Ampicillin
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Gentamycin. Gentamycin is not recommended in this case due to its potential for nephrotoxicity, especially in patients already receiving furosemide. Furosemide is a loop diuretic that can also cause kidney damage, so combining it with Gentamycin increases the risk of further renal impairment. Cotrimoxazole (A) and Ampicillin (D) are commonly used antibiotics that do not have significant interactions with furosemide and Digoxin. Ciprofloxacin (B) is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic that is generally safe to use in patients with CHF and UTI.
What is a factor that contributes to an increased incidence of urinary tract infections in aging women?
- A. Length of the urethra
- B. Larger capacity of bladder
- C. Relaxation of pelvic floor and bladder muscles
- D. Tight muscular support at the urinary sphincter
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale for Choice C (Correct Answer):
1. Aging causes relaxation of pelvic floor and bladder muscles.
2. This relaxation can lead to incomplete emptying of the bladder.
3. Residual urine in the bladder can increase the risk of UTIs.
4. Therefore, relaxation of pelvic floor and bladder muscles contributes to increased UTI incidence.
Summary of Incorrect Choices:
A: Length of the urethra - Longer urethra typically reduces UTI risk by providing more distance for bacteria to travel.
B: Larger capacity of bladder - Larger bladder capacity does not directly increase UTI risk.
D: Tight muscular support at the urinary sphincter - Tight support does not directly impact UTI risk; relaxation is the key factor.
Most physical problems that occur during peritoneal or hemodialysis are related to which phenomenon that may result from
- A. nausea and vomiting due to too rapid removal of fluid
- B. movement of red blood cells across the dialyzing membrane
- C. movement of glucose from the dialyzing solution into the blood
- D. water intoxication from excessive fluid removal
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: nausea and vomiting due to too rapid removal of fluid during peritoneal or hemodialysis. This is because rapid removal of fluid can lead to electrolyte imbalances and changes in blood pressure, causing nausea and vomiting.
Choice B is incorrect because movement of red blood cells across the dialyzing membrane is not a common physical problem during dialysis.
Choice C is incorrect because movement of glucose from the dialyzing solution into the blood is not typically associated with physical problems during dialysis.
Choice D is incorrect because water intoxication from excessive fluid removal can occur, but it is not the most common physical problem during dialysis.