Nokea
In the presence of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), or vasopressin, water is mostly reabsorbed in the ___________ of the nephron.
- A. Proximal convoluted tubule
- B. Loop of henle
- C. Collecting duct
- D. Distal convoluted tubule
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Proximal convoluted tubule. ADH acts on the collecting duct and distal convoluted tubule to increase water reabsorption. However, the majority of water reabsorption occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule due to its high permeability to water. This segment reabsorbs about 65% of filtered water, mainly through osmosis. The loop of Henle plays a crucial role in concentrating urine, but it is not the main site of water reabsorption. The collecting duct responds to ADH but reabsorbs a smaller fraction of filtered water compared to the proximal tubule. The distal convoluted tubule is primarily involved in electrolyte reabsorption rather than water reabsorption.
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When assessing a newborn infant's genitalia, the nurse notices that the genitalia are somewhat engorged. The labia majora are swollen, the clitoris looks large, and the hymen is thick. The vaginal opening is difficult to visualize. The infant's mother states that she is worried about the labia being swollen. The nurse should reply:
- A. This is a normal finding in newborns and should resolve within a few weeks.
- B. This finding could indicate an abnormality and may need to be evaluated by a physician.
- C. We will need to have estrogen levels evaluated to ensure that they are within normal limits.
- D. We will need to keep close watch over the next few days to see if the genitalia decrease in size.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step 1: Neonatal genital engorgement is a common finding due to maternal hormones.
Step 2: Maternal hormones can cause swelling of the labia majora, clitoris, and thickening of the hymen.
Step 3: This physiological phenomenon typically resolves within a few weeks post-birth.
Step 4: The nurse should reassure the mother that this is a normal finding in newborns.
Summary: Choice A is correct because it aligns with the normal physiological process, while the other options suggest unnecessary interventions or monitoring that are not indicated in this situation.
Which of the following methods should the nurse use to assess the kidneys for tenderness or pain?
- A. By auscultating the abdomen for bruits.
- B. By lightly striking the fist at the costovertebral angle.
- C. By observing for signs of bleeding.
- D. Monitor pressure dressing to note any frank bleeding.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: By lightly striking the fist at the costovertebral angle. This method is known as percussion and is used to assess for kidney tenderness or pain. Percussion helps to identify any abnormalities in the kidneys or surrounding structures. Auscultation (choice A) is used to listen for sounds, not assess for tenderness. Observing for signs of bleeding (choice C) and monitoring pressure dressing (choice D) are not appropriate methods for assessing kidney tenderness or pain.
Antiviral agents that is/ are active against cytomegalovirus (CMV) include which of the following?
- A. Ganciclovir
- B. Foscarnet
- C. Acyclovir
- D. (a) and (b) are correct
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because both Ganciclovir and Foscarnet are active against cytomegalovirus (CMV). Ganciclovir works by inhibiting viral DNA polymerase, while Foscarnet inhibits viral DNA polymerase and reverse transcriptase. Acyclovir, on the other hand, is not effective against CMV as it primarily targets herpes simplex virus and varicella-zoster virus. Therefore, choices A and B are correct for CMV treatment, making option D the correct answer.
Most physical problems that occur during peritoneal or hemodialysis are related to which phenomenon that may result from
- A. nausea and vomiting due to too rapid removal of fluid
- B. movement of red blood cells across the dialyzing membrane
- C. movement of glucose from the dialyzing solution into the blood
- D. water intoxication from excessive fluid removal
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: nausea and vomiting due to too rapid removal of fluid during peritoneal or hemodialysis. This is because rapid removal of fluid can lead to electrolyte imbalances and changes in blood pressure, causing nausea and vomiting.
Choice B is incorrect because movement of red blood cells across the dialyzing membrane is not a common physical problem during dialysis.
Choice C is incorrect because movement of glucose from the dialyzing solution into the blood is not typically associated with physical problems during dialysis.
Choice D is incorrect because water intoxication from excessive fluid removal can occur, but it is not the most common physical problem during dialysis.
The nurse on a urology unit is working with a patient be the nurses best response to this finding?
- A. Perform a straight catheterization on this patient.
- B. Avoid further interventions at this time, as this is an nutritional guidelines should the nurse provide? acceptable finding.
- C. Restrict protein intake as ordere
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because hematuria (blood in the urine) is a concerning finding that may indicate a urinary tract infection, kidney stones, or other underlying issues. By avoiding further interventions, the nurse can prevent potential harm or complications to the patient. Performing a straight catheterization (Choice A) may not be necessary without further assessment. Restricting protein intake (Choice C) is not indicated based solely on the presence of hematuria.