Nokea
The following drug may cure typhoid fever, but does not prevent development of carrier state:
- A. Ceftriaxone
- B. Ciprofloxacin
- C. Cotrimoxazole
- D. Chloramphenicol
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Chloramphenicol is effective in curing typhoid fever by targeting the bacteria causing the infection.
2. However, chloramphenicol does not effectively eradicate the bacteria from the carrier state.
3. Ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, and cotrimoxazole are also effective in treating typhoid fever but do not specifically target the carrier state.
4. Therefore, the correct answer is D, Chloramphenicol, as it cures typhoid fever but does not prevent the carrier state.
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An older man is concerned about his sexual performance. The nurse knows that in the absence of disease, a withdrawal from sexual activity later in life may be attributable to:
- A. Side effects of medications.
- B. Decreased libido with aging.
- C. Decreased sperm production.
- D. Decreased pleasure from sexual intercourse.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Side effects of medications. As people age, they are more likely to be on multiple medications, some of which can have side effects like erectile dysfunction or decreased libido, leading to a withdrawal from sexual activity. This is a common issue for older adults.
Choice B (Decreased libido with aging) is incorrect because while libido may decrease with age, it is not usually the sole reason for a complete withdrawal from sexual activity.
Choice C (Decreased sperm production) is incorrect as it is not directly related to a withdrawal from sexual activity in older men.
Choice D (Decreased pleasure from sexual intercourse) is incorrect as pleasure can still be experienced regardless of age, and it is unlikely to be the primary reason for withdrawal.
Which of the following is a substance that the kidneys remove from the blood during filtration?
- A. Carbon Dioxide
- B. Salts
- C. Oxygen
- D. Red Blood Cells
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Salts. During filtration in the kidneys, salts (such as sodium, potassium, and chloride) are removed from the blood to maintain proper electrolyte balance. Carbon dioxide (A) is primarily eliminated through respiration, not filtration by the kidneys. Oxygen (C) is essential for cellular respiration and is not typically removed by the kidneys. Red blood cells (D) are not filtered out by the kidneys unless there is a medical condition affecting the kidneys' function. Thus, the correct answer is B as salts are one of the key substances removed during kidney filtration to regulate electrolyte levels in the body.
Antiviral agents that is/ are active against cytomegalovirus (CMV) include which of the following?
- A. Ganciclovir
- B. Foscarnet
- C. Acyclovir
- D. (a) and (b) are correct
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because both Ganciclovir and Foscarnet are active against cytomegalovirus (CMV). Ganciclovir works by inhibiting viral DNA polymerase, while Foscarnet inhibits viral DNA polymerase and reverse transcriptase. Acyclovir, on the other hand, is not effective against CMV as it primarily targets herpes simplex virus and varicella-zoster virus. Therefore, choices A and B are correct for CMV treatment, making option D the correct answer.
Most physical problems that occur during peritoneal or hemodialysis are related to which phenomenon that may result from
- A. nausea and vomiting due to too rapid removal of fluid
- B. movement of red blood cells across the dialyzing membrane
- C. movement of glucose from the dialyzing solution into the blood
- D. water intoxication from excessive fluid removal
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: nausea and vomiting due to too rapid removal of fluid during peritoneal or hemodialysis. This is because rapid removal of fluid can lead to electrolyte imbalances and changes in blood pressure, causing nausea and vomiting.
Choice B is incorrect because movement of red blood cells across the dialyzing membrane is not a common physical problem during dialysis.
Choice C is incorrect because movement of glucose from the dialyzing solution into the blood is not typically associated with physical problems during dialysis.
Choice D is incorrect because water intoxication from excessive fluid removal can occur, but it is not the most common physical problem during dialysis.
Which of the following statement(s) about metronidazole is correct?: *
- A. It is a rst line drug for amoebic dysentery as well as amoebic liver abscess
- B. It is activated nitro intermediates bind DNA and inhibit anaerobe replication
- C. It is the most effective drug in eradicating amoebic cysts from the colon
- D. (
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Correct Answer: B
Rationale:
1. Metronidazole is a nitroimidazole antibiotic that requires activation by bacterial reductases to form nitro intermediates.
2. These activated intermediates bind DNA, leading to DNA strand breakage and inhibition of anaerobic bacterial replication.
3. This mechanism of action makes metronidazole effective against anaerobic bacteria.
4. Choice A is incorrect as metronidazole is not the first-line drug for amoebic dysentery or liver abscess - it is mainly used for anaerobic infections.
5. Choice C is incorrect as metronidazole is not the most effective drug for eradicating amoebic cysts in the colon; other drugs like tinidazole are preferred for that purpose.
6. Choice D is incomplete and does not provide any information related to metronidazole's mechanism of action.