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Which are the most common sites of breast cancer metastasis?
- A. Kidneys
- B. Bones and liver
- C. Heart and blood vessels
- D. Skin
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Bones and liver. Breast cancer commonly metastasizes to bones and liver due to their rich blood supply, making them favorable sites for cancer cells to spread. Bones provide a supportive environment for cancer growth, while liver offers a hospitable environment for circulating cancer cells. Other choices are incorrect as breast cancer rarely metastasizes to kidneys, heart, blood vessels, or skin. Kidneys are not common sites for breast cancer spread, and heart and blood vessels lack the conducive environment for cancer growth. Skin metastasis in breast cancer is rare and usually indicates advanced disease.
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A patient presenting with chronic pelvic pain and heavy menstrual bleeding will be evaluated for what conditions? Select all that apply.
- A. endometriosis
- B. uterine fibroids
- C. ovarian cysts
- D. uterine polyps
Correct Answer: A,B,D
Rationale: The correct answer includes endometriosis, uterine fibroids, and uterine polyps due to their association with chronic pelvic pain and heavy menstrual bleeding. Endometriosis causes inflammation and scarring, leading to pain and abnormal bleeding. Uterine fibroids are non-cancerous growths in the uterus that can cause pain and heavy periods. Uterine polyps are overgrowths of the endometrial lining that can result in heavy bleeding. Ovarian cysts, although they can cause pelvic pain, are not typically associated with heavy menstrual bleeding.
A woman who has taken methadone during pregnancy and wants to breastfeed should
- A. take the lowest dose of methadone
- B. continue the same dose of methadone
- C. stop taking methadone
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Continuing methadone at the same dose is safe for breastfeeding mothers and their infants.
While performing a self-breast exam, the patient notes an area on the right breast that is nodular, with some associated tenderness. This is a new onset finding because the exams were
- A. The patient calls to report her findings to the clinical nurse because this is not her typical result. What action should the nurse perform next?
- B. Refer the patient to an oncologist because the results are suspicious.
- C. Ask the patient to come in for an office visit so that the findings can be validated but tell her that this information is within the normal range of presentation.
- D. Have the patient wear a tight-fitting bra and tell her that the tenderness is associated with ovulation and will pass.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because a new nodular area with tenderness in the breast is concerning for a potential breast abnormality or pathology. The nurse should advise the patient to report these findings promptly to a healthcare provider for further evaluation, which may include a clinical breast exam, imaging studies, and possibly a biopsy if warranted.
Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because B jumps to a conclusion without proper assessment or evaluation, C downplays the significance of the findings without proper validation, and D provides inaccurate information about the association of tenderness with ovulation, which is not relevant in this context.
Healthy People 2020 goals directed at women’s health issues focus on which areas? (Select all that apply.)
- A. Increased screening for cervical and colorectal cancers
- B. Reduction of cancer survivor rate based on clinical management treatment
- C. Decreased morbidity and mortality related to breast cancer
- D. Reduction in hospitalization for hip fractures in the older female population
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why choice A is correct:
1. Healthy People 2020 aims to improve health outcomes and quality of life for all individuals.
2. Increased screening for cervical and colorectal cancers aligns with preventive care goals for women's health.
3. Early detection through screening can lead to better treatment outcomes and reduced mortality rates.
4. Regular screenings for these cancers can help in identifying and treating them at early stages.
5. Therefore, choice A is correct as it directly addresses preventive measures for women's health issues.
Summary of why other choices are incorrect:
B: Reduction of cancer survivor rate based on clinical management treatment - Incorrect, as the goal is to increase cancer survivor rates, not reduce them.
C: Decreased morbidity and mortality related to breast cancer - While important, this choice is not specific to Healthy People 2020 goals for women's health.
D: Reduction in hospitalization for hip fractures in the older female population - This choice is not directly related to women
Which of the following statements is not true about the mechanism controlling lactation?
- A. The anterior pituitary secretes prolactin.
- B. The posterior pituitary secretes oxytocin.
- C. Prolactin stimulates the ejection of milk into the ducts of the mammary glands.
- D. All of the above statements are true about the mechanism controlling lactation.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Prolactin stimulates milk production, while oxytocin stimulates milk ejection.