Nokea
Which are the most suitable materials for isolation of polio viruses
- A. feces, duodenal and bile content
- B. blood, sputum and urine
- C. only feces
- D. feces, nasopharyngeal swabs and cerebrospinal fluid
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because polio viruses are primarily found in the gastrointestinal tract and respiratory secretions. Feces, nasopharyngeal swabs, and cerebrospinal fluid are the most suitable materials for isolating polio viruses due to their presence in these body fluids. Feces contain the virus shed from the intestines, nasopharyngeal swabs collect respiratory secretions where the virus may be present, and cerebrospinal fluid is important for detecting the virus in cases of neurological complications. Choices A and B include irrelevant body fluids that are not typically associated with polio virus transmission. Option C is too limited as the virus can also be present in respiratory secretions and cerebrospinal fluid, not just feces.
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All of the following are ways the kidney are used for urine formation and drug clearance except:
- A. Filtration
- B. Tubular secretion
- C. Tubular filtration
- D. Tubular reabsorption
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Tubular filtration. The kidney does not perform tubular filtration as a method for urine formation and drug clearance. The process of urine formation involves filtration, secretion, and reabsorption. Filtration occurs at the glomerulus, where blood is filtered to form the initial filtrate. Tubular secretion involves the active transport of substances from the blood into the renal tubules to be eliminated in urine. Tubular reabsorption is the process of reclaiming useful substances from the filtrate back into the blood. Therefore, tubular filtration is not a valid process in urine formation and drug clearance, making it the correct answer. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect as they are essential processes in urine formation and drug clearance.
A patient with fever and enlarged lymph nodes had a blood smear examined under the microscope. Spiral microorganisms with pointed ends were detected. What is the likely diagnosis?
- A. Syphilis
- B. Leptospirosis
- C. Lyme disease
- D. Relapsing fever
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale: The correct answer is A: Syphilis. Spiral microorganisms with pointed ends are characteristic of Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis. This bacterium is known for its corkscrew shape. Other choices are incorrect because Leptospirosis, Lyme disease, and Relapsing fever are caused by different pathogens and do not exhibit spiral microorganisms on blood smears. Syphilis should be suspected in the presence of these specific spiral microorganisms.
The most common causative agents of bacterial meningitis are:
- A. Neisseria meningitidis
- B. Streptococcus pneumonia, Neisseria Meningitidis, hemophilus influenz
- C. Rubella virus
- D. Herpangina
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae are the most common causative agents of bacterial meningitis. Streptococcus pneumoniae is a leading cause in adults, Neisseria meningitidis is common in adolescents and young adults, and Haemophilus influenzae is more frequent in children. The other choices, Rubella virus (C) and Herpangina (D), are not bacterial agents known to cause meningitis.
A 28 y.o. patient without permanent residence was admitted to the hospital with the preliminary diagnosis influenza. On the fith day of illness he got a maculopapular petechial rash on his body and internal surfaces of extremities. Body temperature is 410 C, euphoria, face hyperemia, sclera reddening, tongue tremor, tachycardia, splenomegaly, excitement. What is the most probable diagnosis?
- A. Epidemic typhus
- B. Delirium alcoholicum
- C. Leptospirosis
- D. Measles
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step 1: Initial diagnosis of influenza suggests a viral illness.
Step 2: Presence of maculopapular petechial rash and high fever indicates a systemic infection.
Step 3: Symptoms like euphoria, hyperemia, tachycardia, splenomegaly, and excitement are characteristic of epidemic typhus.
Step 4: Face hyperemia, sclera reddening, and tongue tremor are specific to epidemic typhus.
Step 5: Epidemic typhus is transmitted by body lice, which fits the scenario of a patient without permanent residence.
Summary:
- Delirium alcoholicum is unlikely due to the specific symptoms and lack of history of alcohol abuse.
- Leptospirosis typically presents with jaundice and renal symptoms, not seen in this case.
- Measles rash is different from the maculopapular petechial rash described.
All bacteria are __________ cells.
- A. eukaryotic
- B. prokaryotic
- C. diploid
- D. haploid
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: prokaryotic. Bacteria are prokaryotic cells because they lack a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. They have a simple cell structure with genetic material floating freely in the cytoplasm. Choice A (eukaryotic) is incorrect because eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Choice C (diploid) is incorrect as bacteria do not have a defined ploidy level like diploid organisms do. Choice D (haploid) is also incorrect as bacteria do not have a true haploid or diploid state due to their lack of a defined nucleus.