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Which bacteria are responsible for causing tuberculosis?
- A. Streptococcus pneumoniae
- B. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- C. Neisseria meningitidis
- D. Clostridium botulinum
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This bacterium is responsible for causing tuberculosis. Mycobacterium tuberculosis specifically targets the lungs, leading to respiratory symptoms and can spread to other parts of the body. Streptococcus pneumoniae (A) is known for causing pneumonia, Neisseria meningitidis (C) causes meningitis, and Clostridium botulinum (D) causes botulism, not tuberculosis. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the only bacterium among the choices that is associated with tuberculosis.
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Which of the following bacteria is responsible for causing the disease known as whooping cough?
- A. Bordetella pertussis
- B. Clostridium tetani
- C. Haemophilus influenzae
- D. Staphylococcus aureus
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step 1: Bordetella pertussis is the causative agent of whooping cough, also known as pertussis.
Step 2: This bacterium produces toxins that damage the respiratory tract, leading to severe coughing fits.
Step 3: Clostridium tetani causes tetanus, Haemophilus influenzae causes respiratory infections, and Staphylococcus aureus causes skin infections.
Step 4: Therefore, A is the correct answer as it is the only bacterium directly associated with whooping cough.
During the skill-building session in microbiology the students need to stain the prepared and fixed sputum smears obtained from a tuberculosis patient. What staining technique should be used in this case?
- A. Gram
- B. Giemsa
- C. Ziehl-Neelsen
- D. Burri
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct staining technique for sputum smears obtained from a tuberculosis patient is Ziehl-Neelsen staining. This technique uses carbol fuchsin dye to stain the acid-fast bacteria, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, red. Here's a step-by-step rationale:
1. Ziehl-Neelsen staining is specifically designed to detect acid-fast bacteria like Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
2. Carbol fuchsin dye is used to penetrate the mycolic acid layer in the cell wall of the bacteria, making them resistant to decolorization.
3. Acid-alcohol is used as a decolorizer to remove the stain from non-acid-fast bacteria.
4. Methylene blue is used as a counterstain to visualize non-acid-fast bacteria in blue.
Therefore, Ziehl-Neelsen staining is the most appropriate technique for identifying Mycobacterium tuberculosis in sputum smears.
Other choices like Gram, Giemsa, and
All of the following are ways the kidney are used for urine formation and drug clearance except:
- A. Filtration
- B. Tubular secretion
- C. Tubular filtration
- D. Tubular reabsorption
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Tubular filtration. The kidney does not perform tubular filtration as a method for urine formation and drug clearance. The process of urine formation involves filtration, secretion, and reabsorption. Filtration occurs at the glomerulus, where blood is filtered to form the initial filtrate. Tubular secretion involves the active transport of substances from the blood into the renal tubules to be eliminated in urine. Tubular reabsorption is the process of reclaiming useful substances from the filtrate back into the blood. Therefore, tubular filtration is not a valid process in urine formation and drug clearance, making it the correct answer. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect as they are essential processes in urine formation and drug clearance.
How many types of herpes simplex virus are there?
- A. 1
- B. 2
- C. 3
- D. 4
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because there are two types of herpes simplex virus: HSV-1 and HSV-2. HSV-1 typically causes oral herpes, while HSV-2 usually causes genital herpes. Choice A is incorrect because there is more than one type. Choices C and D are also incorrect as there are only two types of herpes simplex virus known to infect humans.
Which statement about the epidemiology and specific prophylactic of Haemophilus influenzae is NOT CORRECT?
- A. Non-encapsulated strains can be isolated from healthy carriers
- B. There is an effective killed vaccine, protective against all capsular types of Haemophilus spp.
- C. The infection is airborne
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because there is no effective killed vaccine that is protective against all capsular types of Haemophilus spp. The Haemophilus influenzae vaccine primarily targets specific capsular types, not all of them. Choice A is incorrect because non-encapsulated strains can indeed be isolated from healthy carriers. Choice C is incorrect as Haemophilus influenzae is primarily transmitted through respiratory droplets, not through the air. Choice D is not correct because Choice B is indeed incorrect, making it the right answer.