Nokea
Which bacteria are responsible for causing tuberculosis?
- A. Streptococcus pneumoniae
- B. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- C. Neisseria meningitidis
- D. Clostridium botulinum
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This bacterium is responsible for causing tuberculosis. Mycobacterium tuberculosis specifically targets the lungs, leading to respiratory symptoms and can spread to other parts of the body. Streptococcus pneumoniae (A) is known for causing pneumonia, Neisseria meningitidis (C) causes meningitis, and Clostridium botulinum (D) causes botulism, not tuberculosis. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the only bacterium among the choices that is associated with tuberculosis.
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A 40-year-old man developed skin redness and swelling in the neck area, where eventually a small abscess appeared. On section the focus is dense and yellow-green colored, in the purulent masses there are white granules. Histologically there are fungal druses, plasma and xanthoma cells, and macrophages detected. Specify the most correct etiological name of this pathological process:
- A. Syphilis
- B. Carbuncle
- C. Actinomycosis
- D. Leprosy
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Actinomycosis. Actinomycosis is a chronic suppurative bacterial infection caused by Actinomyces species, which form sulfur granules in purulent masses surrounded by dense fibrous tissue. In this case, the presence of fungal druses, plasma cells, xanthoma cells, and macrophages in the histological examination is characteristic of actinomycosis. The clinical presentation of skin redness, swelling, and abscess formation in the neck area also aligns with actinomycosis.
Choice A: Syphilis is caused by Treponema pallidum, presenting with a painless chancre at the site of infection, not skin redness and swelling in the neck area.
Choice B: Carbuncle is a bacterial skin infection involving a group of hair follicles, typically on the back of the neck, not characterized by fungal druses or sulfur granules.
Choice D: Leprosy
Disinfection is:
- A. method for destruction of spore forms of microorganisms
- B. method for destruction of vegetative and spore forms of microorganisms
- C. method to destroy the vegetative forms of microorganism, but their spores may survive
- D. method for determination of the effect of physical agents on the microorganism
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Disinfection is the process of destroying the vegetative forms of microorganisms, but their spores may survive. This is why choice C is correct. The other choices are incorrect because:
A: Disinfection does not necessarily target spore forms exclusively.
B: While disinfection targets vegetative forms, it does not always eliminate spore forms.
D: Disinfection is not primarily used for determining the effect of physical agents on microorganisms.
Which of the following bacteria is associated with the disease tuberculosis?
- A. Mycobacterium leprae
- B. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- C. Streptococcus pneumoniae
- D. Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step 1: Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a bacterium known to cause tuberculosis.
Step 2: Mycobacterium leprae causes leprosy, not tuberculosis.
Step 3: Streptococcus pneumoniae causes pneumonia, not tuberculosis.
Step 4: Neisseria gonorrhoeae causes gonorrhea, not tuberculosis.
Conclusion: Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the correct answer as it is the only bacterium associated with tuberculosis among the choices provided.
The bacterial genome is typically composed of:
- A. double-stranded RNA
- B. linear DNA
- C. circular double-stranded DNA
- D. single-stranded DNA
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: circular double-stranded DNA. Bacterial genomes are typically composed of circular double-stranded DNA due to its stability and efficient replication. Circular DNA allows for continuous replication without the need for telomeres present in linear DNA (choice B). Bacteria do not typically have double-stranded RNA genomes (choice A) as RNA is more commonly found in viruses. Single-stranded DNA (choice D) is not typically the main genetic material in bacteria, as it is less stable and less efficient for information storage compared to double-stranded DNA.
OSHA was established in
- A. 1921
- B. 1971
- C. 1980
- D. 1985
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: 1971. OSHA, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, was established in 1971 under the Occupational Safety and Health Act signed by President Richard Nixon. This act aimed to ensure safe and healthy working conditions for employees by setting and enforcing standards. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect as OSHA was not established in those years. Option A (1921) is too early, option C (1980) is after OSHA was already established, and option D (1985) is also too late. Therefore, the correct answer is B, 1971, as it aligns with the historical establishment of OSHA.