Nokea
Which cells secrete hydrochloric acid in the stomach?
- A. Parietal cells
- B. Chief cells
- C. Mucous neck cells
- D. Enteroendocrine cells
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Parietal cells. Parietal cells secrete hydrochloric acid in the stomach to create the acidic environment necessary for digestion. They also secrete intrinsic factor for vitamin B12 absorption. Chief cells produce pepsinogen, not hydrochloric acid. Mucous neck cells secrete mucus to protect the stomach lining. Enteroendocrine cells secrete hormones like gastrin, not hydrochloric acid. Therefore, the correct choice is A as it directly produces hydrochloric acid in the stomach.
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Which of the following instructions should the nurse provide to a client who is asymptomatic of colonic cancer, but whose stool test results are positive for blood?
- A. Add fiber to the diet
- B. Undergo a colonoscopy
- C. Use warm soaks
- D. Use a stool softener
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: A positive fecal occult blood test may indicate colorectal cancer, and a colonoscopy is required for further investigation and diagnosis.
Which of these statements about reflexes in the GI tract is false?
- A. Short reflexes are provoked by nerves near the GI tract.
- B. Short reflexes are mediated by the enteric nervous system.
- C. Food that distends the stomach initiates long reflexes.
- D. Long reflexes can be provoked by stimuli originating outside the GI tract.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because food that distends the stomach actually initiates short reflexes, not long reflexes. Short reflexes are provoked by nerves near the GI tract, which aligns with choice A. Short reflexes are indeed mediated by the enteric nervous system, supporting choice B. Long reflexes, as per choice D, can be provoked by stimuli originating outside the GI tract. Therefore, choice C is false as food distending the stomach triggers short reflexes, not long reflexes.
A client is visited by the dietitian following a colostomy procedure. Which of the following is the primary nutrition concern for this type of client?
- A. Fiber.
- B. Small frequent meals.
- C. Chewing food thoroughly.
- D. Fluids and electrolytes.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance is crucial for colostomy clients, as water absorption is affected.
Which organ produces and secretes bile?
- A. liver
- B. gallbladder
- C. pancreas
- D. duodenum
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: liver. The liver produces and secretes bile which helps in the digestion of fats. B: gallbladder stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver. C: pancreas secretes digestive enzymes but not bile. D: duodenum is the first part of the small intestine where bile is released to aid in digestion.
Where are most digestive enzymes activated?
- A. stomach
- B. small intestine
- C. liver
- D. pancreas
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: small intestine. Digestive enzymes are activated in the small intestine to break down nutrients. Firstly, enzymes are secreted by the pancreas into the small intestine, where they act on carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Secondly, bile from the liver helps in the digestion of fats. The stomach mainly secretes gastric juices for protein digestion, not enzymes for overall digestion. The liver produces bile, not digestive enzymes. The pancreas secretes various digestive enzymes, but they become activated in the small intestine.