Nokea
Regarding deglutition (swallowing):
- A. Pharyngeal phase is voluntary.
- B. Is controlled by a center in the medulla oblongata.
- C. Readily occurs with an open mouth.
- D. Buccal phase is accompanied by apnea.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because swallowing is controlled by the swallowing center in the medulla oblongata. This center coordinates the complex sequence of muscle contractions involved in swallowing, ensuring food moves from the mouth to the esophagus without entering the airway. The pharyngeal phase is actually involuntary, not voluntary (Choice A). Swallowing usually occurs with a closed mouth, not an open one (Choice C). Additionally, the buccal phase is not accompanied by apnea; breathing typically continues during this phase (Choice D). Therefore, the correct answer is B due to the central control of swallowing in the medulla oblongata.
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Where are most digestive enzymes activated?
- A. stomach
- B. small intestine
- C. liver
- D. pancreas
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: small intestine. Digestive enzymes are activated in the small intestine to break down nutrients. Firstly, enzymes are secreted by the pancreas into the small intestine, where they act on carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Secondly, bile from the liver helps in the digestion of fats. The stomach mainly secretes gastric juices for protein digestion, not enzymes for overall digestion. The liver produces bile, not digestive enzymes. The pancreas secretes various digestive enzymes, but they become activated in the small intestine.
Which of the following diagnostic tests can be given to a client who cannot retain dye tablets given to test his gallbladder?
- A. Oral cholecystography
- B. Cholangiography
- C. Barium enema
- D. Barium swallow
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Cholangiography is used as an alternative to oral cholecystography when a client cannot retain the dye tablets.
What may occur with failure of the sodium-potassium pump during severe protein depletion?
- A. Ascites
- B. Hyperkalemia
- C. Anemia
- D. Hypoalbuminemia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Failure of the sodium-potassium pump can lead to an imbalance of electrolytes including hyperkalemia.
Nursing management of the patient with chronic gastritis includes teaching the patient to
- A. take antacids before meals to decrease stomach acidity.
- B. maintain a nonirritating diet with six small meals a day.
- C. eliminate alcohol and caffeine from the diet when symptoms occur.
- D. use nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) instead of aspirin for minor pain relief.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: A nonirritating diet with six small meals a day can help reduce the symptoms of chronic gastritis.
The term gastrointestinal (GI) tract refers to the
- A. oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine.
- B. pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine.
- C. esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine.
- D. stomach, small intestine and large intestine.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step 1: The GI tract starts from the oral cavity where digestion begins.
Step 2: It then moves to the pharynx, esophagus for food transport.
Step 3: Next, the food enters the stomach for further digestion.
Step 4: The small intestine is where most digestion and absorption occur.
Step 5: Lastly, the large intestine absorbs water and prepares waste for elimination.
Step 6: Thus, answer A includes all the structures involved in the entire digestive process, making it the correct choice.
Summary:
Choice B is incorrect as it omits the oral cavity. Choice C excludes the pharynx. Choice D is incorrect as it misses the oral cavity, pharynx, and esophagus.