Nokea
Which of these statements about reflexes in the GI tract is false?
- A. Short reflexes are provoked by nerves near the GI tract.
- B. Short reflexes are mediated by the enteric nervous system.
- C. Food that distends the stomach initiates long reflexes.
- D. Long reflexes can be provoked by stimuli originating outside the GI tract.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because food that distends the stomach actually initiates short reflexes, not long reflexes. Short reflexes are provoked by nerves near the GI tract, which aligns with choice A. Short reflexes are indeed mediated by the enteric nervous system, supporting choice B. Long reflexes, as per choice D, can be provoked by stimuli originating outside the GI tract. Therefore, choice C is false as food distending the stomach triggers short reflexes, not long reflexes.
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Serologic findings in viral hepatitis include both the presence of viral antigens and antibodies produced in response to the viruses. What laboratory result indicates that the nurse is immune to HBV after vaccination?
- A. Anti-HBcIgG
- B. Surface antigen HBsAg
- C. Surface antibody Anti-HBs
- D. Core antigen Anti-HBcIgM
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The presence of anti-HBs (surface antibody) indicates immunity to Hepatitis B following vaccination.
What may occur with failure of the sodium-potassium pump during severe protein depletion?
- A. Ascites
- B. Hyperkalemia
- C. Anemia
- D. Hypoalbuminemia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Failure of the sodium-potassium pump can lead to an imbalance of electrolytes including hyperkalemia.
Which organ produces and secretes bile?
- A. liver
- B. gallbladder
- C. pancreas
- D. duodenum
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: liver. The liver produces and secretes bile which helps in the digestion of fats. B: gallbladder stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver. C: pancreas secretes digestive enzymes but not bile. D: duodenum is the first part of the small intestine where bile is released to aid in digestion.
Accumulation of excess fluid in the peritoneal cavity is called
- A. peritonitis.
- B. a hiatal hernia.
- C. an inguinal hernia.
- D. ascites.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: ascites. Ascites is the accumulation of excess fluid in the peritoneal cavity. This condition can be caused by liver disease, heart failure, kidney disease, or certain cancers. Peritonitis (A) is inflammation of the peritoneum, not fluid accumulation. Hiatal hernia (B) is a condition where the stomach bulges through the diaphragm. Inguinal hernia (C) is the protrusion of abdominal contents through the inguinal canal. Hence, choices A, B, and C are incorrect in the context of excess fluid accumulation in the peritoneal cavity.
Which single statement below, about the stomach, is actually correct?
- A. Acid secretion occurs in response to secretion of the hormone, carbonic anhydrase
- B. Glands called Peyer's patches are responsible for acid secretion
- C. The vagus nerve inhibits acid secretion after a meal has been consumed
- D. Pepsinogen and gastric lipase are two enzymes secreted into the lumen of the stomach
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because pepsinogen and gastric lipase are indeed two enzymes secreted into the lumen of the stomach. Pepsinogen is converted to pepsin, an enzyme that breaks down proteins, while gastric lipase helps in the digestion of fats.
A is incorrect because carbonic anhydrase is not a hormone but an enzyme involved in acid secretion.
B is incorrect because Peyer's patches are actually found in the small intestine, not the stomach, and they are involved in the immune system.
C is incorrect because the vagus nerve stimulates, rather than inhibits, acid secretion in response to a meal.
In summary, D is correct as it accurately describes enzymes secreted in the stomach, while the other choices contain factual inaccuracies about stomach function.