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Which characteristics are associated with adults fixated in the anal stage?
- A. Orderliness, obstinacy, or messiness
- B. Fixated in the oral stage
- C. Dissolves the electra complex
- D. Triggers penis envy, which then dissolves the female oedipus complex
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: 'Orderliness, obstinacy, or messiness.' According to Freud's psychosexual theory, fixation in the anal stage can lead to these characteristics in adulthood. Choice B is incorrect as fixation in the oral stage is associated with issues related to dependency and aggression. Choice C is incorrect as it refers to the Electra complex, which is not related to the anal stage fixation. Choice D is incorrect as it refers to penis envy and the female Oedipus complex, which are not directly related to characteristics of adults fixated in the anal stage.
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You are taking part in a survey that asks about your attitudes toward physical punishment of children. Even though you believe that spanking is sometimes necessary, you answer that you are opposed to any sort of physical punishment. Which of the following terms best describes why you answered the way you did?
- A. Random responding
- B. Faking bad
- C. Placebo effect
- D. Social desirability
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, social desirability. Social desirability bias occurs when respondents answer questions in a way they think will be viewed favorably by others, rather than according to their true beliefs. In this scenario, the respondent may feel pressured to provide an answer that aligns with societal norms or expectations, even if it contradicts their personal beliefs. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect. Random responding refers to answering survey questions haphazardly, without consideration. Faking bad is intentionally providing extreme or negative responses. The placebo effect is a phenomenon where a person's belief in a treatment's effectiveness produces a positive outcome, unrelated to the treatment's actual effects.
William James, who was a pioneer in the development of functionalism, was most heavily influenced by?
- A. Charles Darwin.
- B. Sigmund Freud.
- C. John Watson.
- D. B.F. Skinner.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: William James was heavily influenced by Charles Darwin's theory of evolution, which shaped his functionalist views on psychology. This influence is evident in James's emphasis on adaptation, survival, and the functional purposes of behavior. Choice B, Sigmund Freud, is incorrect because Freud's psychoanalytic theory focused on unconscious processes and childhood experiences, which differ significantly from James's functionalism. Choice C, John Watson, is incorrect as Watson was a behaviorist who emphasized observable behavior and rejected mental processes, which contrasts with James's focus on mental processes. Choice D, B.F. Skinner, is also incorrect as Skinner was a behaviorist known for his work on operant conditioning, which is not directly aligned with James's functionalist perspective.
Professor Immel believes that behaviors that are predominant in certain species probably serve some adaptive function. Professor Immel's beliefs are most consistent with which perspective?
- A. Behavioral perspective.
- B. Cognitive perspective.
- C. Humanistic perspective.
- D. Evolutionary perspective.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Professor Immel's belief that behaviors in certain species serve an adaptive function aligns with the evolutionary perspective. The evolutionary perspective posits that behaviors have developed over time because they provide an advantage for survival and reproduction. This perspective emphasizes the role of natural selection in shaping behaviors based on their adaptive value. Choices A, B, and C do not specifically address the idea that behaviors have evolved to serve specific functions for survival, making them inconsistent with Professor Immel's beliefs.
What is the sequence in which growth starts at the center of the body and moves toward the extremities?
- A. Cephalocaudal pattern
- B. Proximodistal pattern
- C. Cephamodistal pattern
- D. Gene-environment correlation
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Proximodistal pattern. This pattern describes growth starting at the center of the body and moving towards the extremities. Choice A, Cephalocaudal pattern, refers to growth starting from the head and moving downwards, which is not the sequence described in the question. Choice D, Gene-environment correlation, does not relate to the sequential pattern of growth described in the question, making it incorrect.
A psychological disorder is said to have an acute onset if the symptoms develop ______, while it has an insidious onset if the symptoms develop ______.
- A. Suddenly;gradually
- B. Suddenly;atypically
- C. Gradually;atypically
- D. Atypically;suddenly
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: An acute onset refers to the sudden development of symptoms, whereas an insidious onset indicates a gradual progression of symptoms. Therefore, the correct answer is 'Suddenly;gradually.' The other choices are incorrect because 'atypically' does not accurately describe the onset of symptoms in this context.