Nokea
Which chronic neurologic disorder involves a deficiency of the neurotransmitters acetylcholine and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the basal ganglia and extrapyramidal system?
- A. Myasthenia gravis
- B. Parkinson's disease
- C. Huntington's disease
- D. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Parkinson's disease is characterized by deficiencies of acetylcholine and GABA
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A patient in traction frequently voices discomfort. Which one of the following complaints by Mrs. Iris would indicate beginning decubitus formation?
- A. Numbness of her toes on her left foot
- B. Pain around the insertion of the Kirschner wire
- C. Stiffness and aching of the right ankle
- D. Burning pain in the sacral area
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Burning pain in the sacral area can indicate pressure sores forming due to prolonged pressure.
You are caring for a patient who has just had open carpal tunnel release surgery. The surgeon has requested that the patient's hand and arm remain elevated above the level of the heart after the surgery. This is to
- A. Reduce lymphatic drainage.
- B. Reduce postoperative swelling.
- C. Restrict hand movements.
- D. Decrease possibility of nosocomial infection.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Elevation reduces swelling by improving venous and lymphatic return.
What does an abnormal finding in the assessment of the patient's motor function suggest?
- A. Possible neurological impairment or muscle weakness.
- B. Normal muscle strength and coordination.
- C. Absence of neurological symptoms.
- D. Stable and symmetrical muscle function.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Abnormal motor function findings, such as weakness or asymmetry, suggest possible neurological impairment. Normal strength, coordination, and stable function are expected findings.
The action potential of a neuron
- A. is initiated by efflux of Na+
- B. is terminated by efflux of K+
- C. declines in amplitude as it moves along the axon
- D. results in a transient reversal of the concentration gradient of Na+ across the cell membrane
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The action potential is initiated by the influx of Na+ through voltage-gated sodium channels, causing depolarization. It is terminated by the efflux of K+ through voltage-gated potassium channels, leading to repolarization. The action potential does not decline in amplitude as it propagates along the axon (all-or-none principle), and there is a net movement of Na+ and K+ across the membrane during the process.
Which of the following can NOT be prevented with a vaccine?
- A. tetanus
- B. pneumococcal meningitis
- C. meningococcal meningitis
- D. listeriosis
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: listeriosis. Listeriosis is caused by a bacterium and there is currently no vaccine available for it. Tetanus, pneumococcal meningitis, and meningococcal meningitis, on the other hand, are all preventable with vaccines. Tetanus is prevented by the DTaP vaccine, pneumococcal meningitis by the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, and meningococcal meningitis by the meningococcal vaccine. Therefore, listeriosis is the only condition among the options that cannot be prevented with a vaccine.