Nokea
Which complement protein is the main component of the Membrane Attack Complex (MAC)?
- A. C1
- B. C3
- C. C5b
- D. C4b
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: C5b. The Membrane Attack Complex (MAC) is formed by a sequence of complement proteins, with C5b playing a crucial role as the initiator. After C5b binds to the target cell membrane, it triggers the assembly of C6, C7, C8, and multiple C9 molecules to form the MAC pore. C1 (A) is the initiator of the classical pathway, not a component of the MAC. C3 (B) is involved in the formation of the C3 convertase and opsonization but is not the main component of the MAC. C4b (D) is part of the classical pathway and is involved in the formation of the C3 convertase, not the MAC.
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As the nurse manager in a public health department,you are responsible for developing a plan to reduce the incidence of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the community. Which nursing action is best delegated to health assistants working for the agency?
- A. Supply injection drug users with bleach solution for cleaning needles and syringes.
- B. Provide pretest and post-test counseling to those patients who are seeking HIV testing.
- C. Educate high-risk community members about the use of condoms in HIV prevention.
- D. Determine which population groups to target for education based on community assessment.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Health assistants can effectively distribute bleach solutions to injection drug users as part of harm reduction strategies. Pretest and post-test counseling education on condom use and community assessment require more advanced training and are typically responsibilities of registered nurses or other healthcare professionals.
Which word identifies a mutation of protooncogenes?
- A. Oncogenes
- B. Retrogenes
- C. Oncofetal antigens
- D. Tumor angiogenesis factor
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Protooncogenes, when mutated, become oncogenes, which promote uncontrolled cell growth.
Which of the following is the most severe complication among clients with allergies,regardless of type?
- A. Bronchitis
- B. Cardiac arrest
- C. Anaphylactic shock and angioneurotic edema
- D. Asthma and nasal polyps
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Anaphylactic shock and angioneurotic edema are life-threatening allergic reactions that require immediate medical intervention.
The patient in a long arm cast (from below the shoulder to the wrist, with a 90-degree elbow flexion) complains of a burning sensation over the elbow. The nurse's initial intervention should be:
- A. Elevate the casted arm on pillows.
- B. Check to see if the cast is properly supported.
- C. Notify the charge nurse of developing pressure ulcer.
- D. Cut a "window" in the cast.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Check to see if the cast is properly supported. The burning sensation over the elbow could indicate nerve compression due to improper cast positioning. By checking if the cast is properly supported, the nurse can ensure that there is no pressure on the nerves causing the burning sensation. Elevating the casted arm (choice A) may not address the root cause of the burning sensation. Notifying the charge nurse of developing pressure ulcer (choice C) is premature without confirming the cause of the burning sensation. Cutting a "window" in the cast (choice D) should be a last resort after ruling out other issues.
What is a granuloma?
- A. A type of antibody
- B. A collection of macrophages filled with antigens
- C. A cluster of mast cells
- D. An antibody-antigen complex
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: A collection of macrophages filled with antigens. Granulomas are tissue responses to chronic inflammation, where macrophages form a cluster to engulf and contain foreign substances like antigens. This leads to the formation of a granuloma, which can be seen in conditions like tuberculosis. Other choices are incorrect because: A) Antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system, not structures like granulomas; C) Mast cells are involved in allergic reactions and not typically associated with granulomas; D) An antibody-antigen complex is a different concept related to immune response but not specific to granulomas.