Nokea
Which condition contributes to secondary pulmonary arterial hypertension by causing pulmonary capillary and alveolar damage?
- A. COPD
- B. Sarcoidosis
- C. Pulmonary fibrosis
- D. Pulmonary embolism
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: In this case, the correct answer should be D, as pulmonary embolism can lead to secondary pulmonary arterial hypertension by causing damage to the pulmonary capillaries and alveoli, resulting in increased pressure in the pulmonary arteries.
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which one of the following statements is false about the trachea?
- A. c-shaped rings
- B. covered by epiglottis
- C. it split into the right and left lungs
- D. non of the above
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because the trachea is not covered by the epiglottis; it is a flap of cartilage that covers the larynx during swallowing, not the trachea. A is correct as the trachea is supported by C-shaped rings of cartilage. C is correct as the trachea branches into the right and left bronchi. D is incorrect as B is false about the trachea.
In Carbon monoxide poisoning, Hemoglobin shows about 250 times greater affinity with CO2 than oxygen and Carbonmonoxyheamoglobin (COHb). This causes Oxygen starvation and Asphyxia. The immediate remedy is
- A. Giving pure Oxygen
- B. Dialysis
- C. Giving pure Oxygen Carbon dioxide mixture
- D. Transfusing blood
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Giving pure Oxygen Carbon dioxide mixture. When hemoglobin binds with carbon monoxide (CO) instead of oxygen, it forms carboxyhemoglobin (COHb), which decreases the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood. Administering pure oxygen helps to displace CO from hemoglobin, but giving pure oxygen alone may not be sufficient in severe cases. By providing a mixture of pure oxygen and carbon dioxide, the increased carbon dioxide levels can help stimulate breathing and aid in the elimination of CO from the body more rapidly. This approach can help restore oxygen levels in the blood more effectively compared to just giving pure oxygen. Dialysis and blood transfusion are not immediate remedies for carbon monoxide poisoning and are not as directly targeted at addressing the underlying issue of COHb formation.
In addition to heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, and temperature, the nurse needs to assess a patient's arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2). What procedure will best accomplish this?
- A. Incentive spirometry
- B. Arterial blood gas (ABG) measurement
- C. Peak flow measurement
- D. Pulse oximetry
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step 1: Pulse oximetry is a non-invasive method of measuring SaO2 by using a sensor attached to a patient's fingertip, earlobe, or toe.
Step 2: It provides immediate and continuous monitoring of oxygen saturation levels in the blood, making it an efficient and reliable method.
Step 3: Pulse oximetry is widely used in clinical settings due to its accuracy and convenience.
Step 4: In contrast, the other options are not direct methods for assessing SaO2. Incentive spirometry helps improve lung function, ABG measures blood pH and gases, and peak flow measures airflow in the lungs.
Oxygen dissociation curve shows the relation between
- A. Oxyhemoglobin saturation and Oxygen tension
- B. Oxyhemoglobin saturation and Carbon dioxide level
- C. Oxyhemoglobin formation and dissociation
- D. Partial pressure of Oxygen and Partial pressure of Carbon dioxide
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The oxygen dissociation curve illustrates the relationship between oxyhemoglobin saturation and oxygen tension. As oxygen tension increases, hemoglobin binds more oxygen until it becomes fully saturated. Option A is correct as it accurately describes this relationship. Option B is incorrect because carbon dioxide level does not directly affect the oxygen-hemoglobin binding. Option C is incorrect as it does not reflect the relationship shown by the curve. Option D is incorrect because it mixes the variables of oxygen and carbon dioxide, which are not directly related in the oxygen dissociation curve.
Total alveolar surface area is reduced in
- A. lung cancer
- B. atelectasis
- C. emphysema
- D. pneumothorax
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: emphysema. Emphysema is a condition characterized by the destruction of alveolar walls, leading to a decrease in alveolar surface area for gas exchange. This reduction in surface area impairs the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs. In contrast, lung cancer (A) primarily affects lung tissue but may not directly reduce alveolar surface area. Atelectasis (B) refers to the collapse of lung tissue, which can impact ventilation but not necessarily alveolar surface area. Pneumothorax (D) is the presence of air in the pleural space and does not directly affect alveolar surface area.